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Wrong Exam Qs > respiration😏😏 > Flashcards

respiration😏😏 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the electron transport chain in respiration

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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2
Q

why does aerobic respiration yield fewer molecules of ATP than theoretical maximum

A
  • some ATP used to actively transport pyruvate into mitochondria
  • some ATP used to actively transport H+ from NADH formed in glycolysis into mitochondria
  • not all NADH used to feed into ETC, some released as heat
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3
Q

why does anaerobic respiration yield less ATP than aerobic respiration

A
  • in anaerobic, glycolysis occurs producing 2 net ATP
  • only substrate level phosphorylation occurs
  • no oxygen available as final electron acceptor
  • oxidative phosphorylation does not occur
  • pyruvate used to regenerate NAD for glycolysis
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4
Q

why are parasites that live in the blood of mammals adapted to respire anaerobically despite oxygen being carried in the blood

A
  • parasites have little access to oxygen
  • not much oxygen dissolved in plasma
  • oxygen is combined with Hb
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5
Q

why can the anaerobic pathway in animals be reversed but not in yeast

A

in animals

  • pyruvate converted to lactate
  • can be reversed as no other products
  • lactate dehydrogenase to reverse

in yeast

  • pyruvate converted to ethanal and co2
  • cannot be reversed as co2 lost
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6
Q

why is lactate converted to glucose in hepatotcytes rather than in the respiring cells where it is produced

A
  • hepatocytes can tolerate lactate

- hepatocytes have enzymes to metabolise lactate

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7
Q

what might happen if the liver did not break down insulin after it was used

A
  • blood glucose would fall below normal
  • insulin would continue converting glucose to glycogen for storage
  • cannot generate enough ATP as not enough glucose
  • coma/death
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8
Q

consequences for liver metabolism if person has high alcohol intake

A
  • build up of fatty acids results in fat deposits in liver cells
  • ornithine cycle cannot occur
  • build up of lactate kills liver cells
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9
Q

where in liver cells is excess NADH reoxidised

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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10
Q

why is respiration rate low at 6 degrees

A
  • not enough kinetic energy for ESC

- respiration uses enzymes

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11
Q

why does respiration stop at 90 degrees

A

-enzymes denatured

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12
Q

in the anaerobic yeast pathway what is the hydrogen acceptor

A

ethanal

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13
Q

why is the anaerobic pathway important for plant cells

A
  • allows some ATP to be produced in glycolysis

- ATP needed for metabolic processes such as active transport

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14
Q

where in aerobic respiration is co2 produced

A

krebs cycle and link reaction

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15
Q

why is there more respiration at a higher temperature

A
  • enzymes involved

- more kinetic energy for ESC

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16
Q

why would wet pea seeds respire more than dry pea seeds

A
  • reactions need to take place in water
  • enzymes and substrate can move in water
  • soaked seeds need more ATP
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17
Q

benefits of anaerobic respiration

A
  • ATP still produced

- allows glycolysis to continue

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18
Q

role of coenzymes in a leaf cell

A
  • CoA transports acetyle to Krebs cycle
  • NAD accepts H
  • NADH carries electrons to ETC
  • NADH carries H+ for oxidative phosphorylation
  • NADPH carries H to Calvin cycle
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19
Q

explain role of ATP in cell

A
  • transfers energy
  • phosphates removed by hydrolysis
  • energy released for active transport
  • energy released in small packets
  • ADP can attach phosphate during respiration
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20
Q

process carried out by cristae

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

describe how an endotherm prevents body temp decreasing when external temp decreases

A
  • skin thermoreceptors stimulated
  • impulse sent to hypothalamus
  • vasoconstriction of arterioles to reduce heat loss
  • prevents heat loss by convection
  • increased metabolism to generate heat
  • adrenaline released which causes shivering
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22
Q

describe anaerobic respiration in animals

A
  • pyruvate converted to lactate
  • pyruvate accepts H
  • H from NADH
  • catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
  • no O2 to act as final electron acceptor so no ETC
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23
Q

suggest how seals are adapted to respire for a long time underwater

A
  • lungs have high vital capacity
  • lower metabolic rate
  • more glycolysis
  • tolerates lactate
  • plenty of Hb
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24
Q

why is ethanol considered a primary metabolite of yeast

A

ethanol produced by yeast as metabolic waste

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25
Q

factors that may limit maximum size of yeast population

A
  • pH falls too low
  • high ethanol concentration damages yeast
  • sugar concentration falls too low
26
Q

why does yeast use up monosaccharide first, then disaccharide and then trisaccharide

A
  • mono can enter glycolysis without being broken down first
  • di must be hydrolysed first
  • tri must be hydrolysed twice
  • enzymes for hydrolysis only produced when needed
27
Q

how could emphysema result in fatigue

A
  • less ventilation
  • less o2 reaching cells for aerobic respiration
  • less ATP produced
28
Q

how could type 2 diabetes result in fatigue

A
  • not enough glucose uptake into cells
  • not enough glucose for respiration
  • glucose not converted to glycogen
29
Q

how could a weak/ irregular heartbeat cause fatigue

A
  • lower blood pressure
  • less o2 for aerobic respiration
  • less glucose for respiration
  • less ATP produced
30
Q

why do people with chronic fatigue have a poor immune response

A
  • little ATP for antibody production

- little ATP for B cell mitosis

31
Q

when measuring oxygen production of an aquatic plant with apparatus, how to supply co2

A

-bubble in co2

32
Q

seaweeds that live deep in water contain a high amount of pigments other than chlorophyll how is this an advantage

A
  • lower light intensity deep in water
  • not all wavelengths can penetrate water
  • these pigments absorb wavelengths that can penetrate deeper water
33
Q

what is the fate of triose phosphate in the calvin cycle

A
  • used to regenrate RuBP
  • so cycle can continue for CO2 fixation
  • formation of glucose and lipids
34
Q

what effect does an increase in oxygen concentration have on photosynthesis

A
  • decrease rate of photosynthesis
  • oxygen binds to rubisco so less available for carbon dioxide
  • less co2 fixation
  • less GP produced
  • less RuBP formed
35
Q

some plants use PEP carboxylase to fix carbon dioxide, why do these not show photorespiration

A

-PEP carboxylase cannot bind to oxygen

36
Q

how to control co2 concentration in greenhouse

A

burn paraffin

37
Q

what happens if a plant is only exposed to green light

A
  • chlorophyll cannot absorb green light
  • little photosynthesis
  • little CO2 taken up
  • some CO2 produced in respiration
  • pH decreases due to the CO2
38
Q

name the type of reaction when atp is converted to adp

A

hydrolysis

39
Q

why does the graph of rate and concentration eventually level off for active transport

A

active transport carrier proteins become saturated

40
Q

how does calculating a mean improve an experiment

A

reduces random error (uncertainty)

41
Q

how does using a colorimeter with more dp improve an experiment

A

increase resolution

42
Q

Describe the production of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation in different stages of respiration with reference to the number of ATP molecules produced

A
  • during glycolysis 4 ATP produced, 2 used up, so 2 net ATP
  • triose phosphate converted to pyruvate
  • 1 ATP produced per krebs cycle
  • 5 carbon compound converted to oxaloacetate
43
Q

suggest a role for coenzyme other than CoA in the link reaction

A

NAD reduced by hydrogen

44
Q

conclusion about respiration if RQ 0.95

A

mostly carbohydrates

45
Q

conclusion about respiration if RQ 0.85

A

more fats respired

46
Q

conclusion about respiration if RQ 1.3

A

more anaerobic respiration

47
Q

when is ATP made during glycolysis

A
  • triose phosphate is converted to pyruvate by dephosphorylation
  • 2 ATP produced per TP so 4 ATP produced
48
Q

when is NADH made in glycolysis

A
  • triose phosphate oxidised to pyruvate

- one NADH per TP so 2 NADH made

49
Q

when is ATP used in glycolysis

A
  • glucose phosphprylated to hexose bisphosphate

- 2 ATP needed

50
Q

when is NADH produced in link reaction

A
  • pyruvate converted to acetate

- one NADH produced

51
Q

when is ATP made in krebs cycle

A
  • 5 carbon compound converted to oxaloacetate

- 1 ATP per krebs cycle

52
Q

when is NADH made in the krebs cycle

A
  • 1 NADH made when citrate is converted to 5 carbon compound
  • 2 NADH made when 5C compound is converted to oxaloacetate
  • 3 NADH made per krebs cycle
53
Q

when is FADH2 made

A
  • in krebs cycle when 5C compound is converted to oxaloacetate
  • one is made
54
Q

when is CO2 made in the krebs cycle

A
  • when citrate is converted to 5 carbon compound
  • when 5 carbon compound converted to oxaloacetate
  • 2 per krebs cycle
55
Q

in the ETC in mitochondria, what is formed once the final electron is accepted

A

water

56
Q

in animal anaerobic respiration what is the hydrogen acceptor

A

pyruvate

57
Q

what is produced as a result of animal anaerobic respiration

A

lactate

NAD

58
Q

describe anaerobic respiration in microorganisms

A
  • glycolysis
  • pyruvate is decarboxylated to ethanal, producing CO2
  • ethanal is reduced to ethanol, this uses alcohol dehydrogenase, and produces NAD
59
Q

products of anaerobic respiration in microorganisms

A

CO2
ethanol
NAD

60
Q

what happens to lactate produced in anaerobic respiration

A
  • can be oxidised to pyruvate (requires O2 known as oxygen debt)
  • can be converted to glycogen

Wrong Exam Qs (41 decks)

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