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Wrong Exam Qs > plant and animal responses🌳🐍 > Flashcards

plant and animal responses🌳🐍 Flashcards

1
Q

nicotine increases blood pressure and causes thrombosis, how does lead to neurone death

A
  • increased blood pressure*
  • capillaries burst
  • O2 supply stops
  • cells cannot respire
  • thrombosis*
  • clot reduces blood flow
  • O2 supply reduces
  • cells cannot respire
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2
Q

stroke can be caused by high blood pressure or thrombosis. why would a drug that stops thrombosis not be appropriate to use on someone with high bp

A
  • high blood pressure causes a stroke by bleeding due to bursting capillaries
  • this drug will thin blood and increase bleeding
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3
Q

possible effects of a stroke:

  • Problems with coordination of movement
  • Loss of memory and speech
  • Paralysis of the body below the neck

With reference to named parts of the brain, explain how each of these specific effects is caused.

A
  • disruption of O2 supply for aerobic respiration
  • damage to cerebellum causes problems with coordination and movement
  • damage to cerebrum causes speech and memory loss
  • damage to medulla oblongata causes paralysis
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4
Q

how is nicotine production advantageous to a plant

A
  • stops plant being eaten

- plant survives

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5
Q

explain nicotine effect on nervous system

A
  • nicotine slows down rate of nervous impulses
  • binds to ACh receptor
  • causes depolarisation
  • remains in receptor longer than ACh
  • receptor in refractory period for longer preventing action potential
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6
Q

Describe how neonectinoids absorbed by root may be transported to the fruits of the maize plant

A
  • in phloem by mass flow

- in xylem by cohesion tension

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7
Q

why are controls necessary when testing treatments

A

allows effect of treatment to be compared

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8
Q

what plant hormone inhibits development of lateral buds

A

auxin

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9
Q

what plant hormone causes growth of lateral buds

A

giberellin

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10
Q

A third source of ATP in muscle involves the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a substance called…

A

creatine phosphate

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11
Q

During the contraction of skeletal muscle, energy from ATP is used to break the ….. that hold the actin and ….. together

A

cross links

myosin

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12
Q

describe how the components of the elbow joint interact to bring about hinge
movement

A
  • muscles contract in antagonistic pairs
  • tendons pull on bone/connect muscle to bone
  • ligaments hold bones together
  • cartilage reduces friction
  • synovial membrane secretes fluid
  • synovial fluid is a lubricant
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13
Q

Outline the organisation and roles of the autonomic nervous system in mammals

A
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • s has ganglia close to spinal cord, p has ganglia close to organ
  • s noradrenaline p acetylcholine
  • s stress p calm
  • s increases heart rate p decreases
  • s increases breathing rate p decreases
  • s reduces digestion p allows digestion
  • s increases blood flow to skeletal muscle p increases blood flow to gut
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14
Q

Give two reasons why both plants and animals need to be able to respond to changes in their environment

A
  • to avoid abiotic stress
  • to avoid being eaten
  • to access resources
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15
Q

differences in plant and mammal hormones

A
  • m made in endocrine glands p made in many plant tissues
  • m move in blood p move in xylem/phloem
  • m act on target tissues p act on most tissues
  • m act more rapidly
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16
Q

lack of human growth hormone causes dwarfism explain why this is a genetic condition

A
  • inherited

- caused by mutation

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17
Q

Describe an example of genes being switched on or being switched off by a molecule that binds directly to DNA other than steroid

A

repressor protein

  • changes shape when bound to lactose
  • with lactose it lifts off operator, allowing gene expression
  • beta galactosidase

homeotic genes

  • gene product binds to DNA
  • gene product starts transcription
  • many genes affected
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18
Q

Describe two ways in which hormones may alter a plant’s growth in response to overcrowding by other plants

A

auxin

  • phototropism
  • plant bends towards light
  • thigmotropism
  • roots grow towards water
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19
Q

Suggest how hormones alter a plant’s growth if the top of the plant shoot is eaten by an animal.

A
  • less auxin
  • apical dominance stopped
  • lateral buds develop
  • plant becomes bushy
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20
Q

Describe how you would measure the distribution and abundance of plants over a distance of 100 metres

A
  • use transect
  • use identification key
  • sample every 10m for total of 10 samples
  • ACFOR scale
  • record percentage cover of plants
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21
Q

Suggest how the adrenaline molecule can cause different effects in different target tissues

A
  • different target tissues have different second messengers

- different enzymes activated

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22
Q

Explain why glycogen granules are present in striated muscle.

A
  • glycogen hydrolysed to glucose
  • glucose needed for aerobic respiration to produce ATP
  • for muscle contraction
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23
Q

high concentration of hydrogen ions reduces the ability of calcium ions to bind to proteins in the myofibrils

explain how an increased concentration of hydrogen ions leads to a reduction in the force of contraction of a muscle

A
  • fewer ca2+ bind to troponin
  • fewer troponin change shape
  • fewer tropomyosin move aside
  • fewer binding sites on actin available
  • fewer actin myosin bridges form
  • power stroke reduced
  • actin filaments pulled past myosin with less force
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24
Q

cns vs pns

A

central

  • brain and spinal cord
  • intermediate neurones
  • many synapses

peripheral

  • nerves from sense organs to effectors
  • sensory and motor neurones
  • somatic and autonomic
  • role in sensing stimuli
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25
Q

difference between prophase 1 and prophase 2

A
  • homologous chromosomes in prophase 1

- crossing over in prophase 1

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26
Q

cellular structure and function of skeletal muscle

A
  • striated bands of myosin and actin

- to move bones

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27
Q

cellular structures and function of smooth muscle

A
  • unstriated

- peristalsis

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28
Q

cellular structure and function of cardiac muscle

A
  • striated

- to pump blood

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29
Q

name example of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle in thorax

A

skeletal = intercoastal

smooth= arteries

cardiac=heart

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30
Q

Describe and explain how the activation of the ‘fight or flight’ response affects voluntary, involuntary and cardiac muscle.

A
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • noradrenaline
  • adrenaline secreted
  • from adrenal medulla
  • sympathetic nerve increases heart rate
  • cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata
  • greater blood flow to skeletal muscle
  • less blood flow to smooth muscle
  • heart beats more forcefully
  • breathing faster
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31
Q

similarity in function between neuromuscular junction and synapse

A

changes potential difference

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32
Q

Explain why one individual can only have two of the different alleles of a gene.

A
  • humans are diploid

- homologous chromosomes

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33
Q

explain how an allele becomes common in the population

A
  • natural selection
  • allele gives selective advantage
  • more likely to survive
  • allele passed to offspring
  • over many generations frequency increases in population
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34
Q

commercial uses of plant growth substances

A
  • seedless fruits
  • weedkillers
  • rooting powder
  • control fruit ripening
35
Q

how can injury to pituaitary and hypothalamus cause wide range of symptoms

A
  • have many different functions

- affect other endocrine glands

36
Q

where does knee jerk reflex go through

A

spinal cord

37
Q

reflexes are fast because they only go through one or two…

A

synapses

38
Q

what blood vessel would be shown in a pancrease cross section

A

arteriole

39
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

nerves in the body

40
Q

what is a nerve

A

bundle of neurones

41
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

voluntary
controls body movements
sensory and motor neurones

42
Q

functions of medulla oblongata

A
  • cardiovascular centre controls heart rate
  • vasomotor centre controls blood pressure by controlling contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls
  • respiratory centre controls breathing rate
43
Q

functions of cerebrum

A 
vision
hearing
speech
thinking
memory
44
Q

functions of cerebellum

A

motor coordination including balance

is involuntary

45
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A
  • monitors the blood, either releases hormones in response or stimulates pituitary gland
  • controls metabolic processes by stimulating PG
  • ADH production
  • osmoregulation
  • thermoregulation
  • controls secretion of enzymes in gut and peristalsis
46
Q

where is hypothalamus in relation to pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus above pituitary gland

47
Q

functions of pituitary gland

A
  • produce hormones which directly influence processes

- produce hormones which stimulate other glands

48
Q

anterior vs posterior pituitary gland

A

anterior: produces and releases hormones

posterior : stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus

49
Q

cerebrum structural adaptation

A
  • thin outer layer cerebral cortex
  • highly folded so high SA so high number of neurones
  • more neruones means more connections
  • greater ability for complex behaviours
50
Q

typical reflex sequence

A
  • stimulus detected by receptor
  • impulse to coordinator brain or spinal cord
  • impulse to effector
51
Q

describe the knee jerk reflex

A
  • pressure on ligament from hammer
  • detected by receptor
  • impulse down sensory neurone
  • to motor neurone in spinal cord
  • to quadriceps muscle
  • contraction so leg lifts
52
Q

why are reflexes faster than usual nerve impulses

A
  • nerve impulses usually delayed by synapses, if the impulse goes through brain then there are many synapses
  • reflex either doesnt go through brain or does but doesnt go through decision making area
  • minimal synapses so fast
53
Q

how does nervous and endocrine system work together to secrete adrenaline in fight or flight

A
  • threat detected
  • sensory neurone
  • hypothalamus
  • sympathetic nerve to adrenal gland
  • adrenaline secretion
54
Q

how does the body increase heart rate for exercise

A
  • chemoreceptors in aorta detect more CO2 in blood

- impulses to medulla oblongata

55
Q

what is striated

A

made up of muscle fibres

56
Q

describe structure of a muscle fibre

A
  • cell like unit
  • plasma membrane=sarcolemma
  • ER= sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • cytoplasm=sarcoplasm
  • contains organised arrangement of contractile proteins
  • many nuclei which is why it is not considered a cell
  • sarcolemma has many deep tube like projections that fold from its outer surface called T tubules which are close to SR
  • sarcoplasm contains mitochondria and myofibrils
57
Q

what are myofibrils

A

bundles of actin and myosin filaments

58
Q

what is the H band

A

only myosin

59
Q

what is the I band

A

only actin

60
Q

what is the A band

A

areas of only myosin and myosin/actin overlap

61
Q

what is the Z line

A

attachment for actin filamenta

62
Q

what is the M line

A

attachment for myosin filaments

63
Q

what is a sacromere

A

section of myofibril between two Z lines

64
Q

differences between slow and fast muscle fibres

A
  • f contract rapidly s more slowly
  • f has more Ca2+ present to stimulate contraction
  • f relies on anaerobic respiration s on aerobic respiration
  • f is good for short bursts of high intensity due to lactate build up, s for longer sustained activity
  • f has fewer capillaries s has dense capillary network
  • f has low amount of myoglobin, s has high amounts of myoglobin haemoglobin and mitochondria
65
Q

describe structure of smooth muscle

A

unstriated

small elongated cells with one nucleus

66
Q

describe structure of cardiac muscle

A
  • muscle fibres form network that spreads through walls of atria/ventricles
  • connected to each other via intercalated discs
  • lots of mitochondria in muscle fibres
  • one nucleus per cell
67
Q

describe what happens at a neuromuscular junction which leads to sliding filaments

A
  • impulse on motor neurone causes Ca2+ to diffuse in which causes Ach vesicles to fuse with plasma membrane and released
  • Ach diffuses across synapse and binds to receptor on sarcolemma
  • Na+ channels open, influx of Na+ depolarises sarcolemma
  • generates action potential that passes down T tubules towards centre of muscle fibre
  • action potential opens Ca2+ channels in SR membrane
  • Ca2+ diffuse out of SR into sarcoplasm
  • Ca2+ bind to troponin so it changes shape
  • cause tropomyosin to move aside exposing binding sites on actin
68
Q

myosin structure

A
  • fibrous protein with globular head which point away from M line
  • many myosin molecules make up thick filament
69
Q

actin structure

A
  • globular protein
  • many actins joined together form chain
  • 2 actin chains twist together to form thin filament
70
Q

where is tropomyosin and troponin

A
  • tropomyosin twisted around the 2 actin chains

- troponin attached to actin chain at regular intervals

71
Q

describe sliding filament model

A
  • once binding sites on actin exposed
  • myosin heads bind forming cross bridges
  • myosin heads pull actin filaments towards centre of sacromere
  • ATP hydrolysis at myosin heads providing energy for myosin head to release actin filament
  • myosin heads move back and bind to new binding site
  • myosin head pull actin filaments even closer to centre of sarcomere, ATP hydrolysis to detach
  • as long as binding sites are exposed this process repeats until muscle fully contracted
72
Q

what happens after muscle contraction

A
  • acetylcholinesterase breaks down Ach in synapse to prevent continuous contraction
  • Ca2+ pumped back into SR once sarcolemma is repolarised
73
Q

why is ATP needed for muscle contraction

A
  • return movement of myosin heads

- return of Ca2+ into SR via active transport

74
Q

function of creatine phosphate

A

-respiration takes long time to begin producing ATP
-creatine phosphate is stored by muscles for rapid ATP
creatine phosphate + ADP = ATP + creatine
-allows contraction for short period of time

75
Q

what leads to muscle fatigue

A
  • Ca2+ availability decreased

- lactate produced which lowers pH of muscles and affects comtraction of fibres

76
Q

what is a tropism

A

growth movement responding to directional stimulus

77
Q

what are the different tropisms

A
  • phototropism= light
  • geotropism= gravity (ensures shoot and root grow in right direction)
  • hydrotropism= water
  • thigmotropism= touch (curls around support )
  • chemotropism
78
Q

plant response to touch

A
  • leaves rapidly fold in
  • bioelectrical signals
  • protects from herbivorous insects
  • venus fly trap folds to eat insect
79
Q

plant response to herbivory

A
  • repellent chemicals
  • tannins bitter toxic
  • alkaloids bitter toxic
  • pheromones toxic or trigger other defences
80
Q

plant response to drought

A

close stomata to reduce transpiration

81
Q

plant response to freezing temperatures

A

produce antifreeze chemical to decrease formation of ice crystals which can be deadly to cells

82
Q

how do plants initiate leaf loss

A
  • deciduous plants lose leaves in hot/dry temps to reduce water loss
  • abscission layer develops at base of leeaf stalk
  • made up of parenchyma cells with thin walls so weak and easy to break
  • ethene stimulates breakdown of these parenchyma cells so leaf drops off
  • auxin usually inhibits leaf loss but as leaf ages to auxin conc decreases
83
Q

how does leaf use hormones to close stomata

A
  • abscisic acid produced to close stomata when little water available
  • guard cells have ABA receptors
  • ABA binds and inhibits proton pumps and cause Ca2+ into cytoplasm
  • Ca2+ cause ions to leave which increases WP
  • water leaves by osmosis
  • flaccid so stomata closes

Wrong Exam Qs (41 decks)

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