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Wrong Exam Qs > hormonal communication💉🩸 > Flashcards

hormonal communication💉🩸 Flashcards

1
Q

where in the adrenal glands are steroids secreted

A

cortex

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2
Q

describe sequence of events that leads to insulin being secreted

A
  • glucose diffuses into beta cell and is respired to produce ATP
  • ATP closes potassium ion channels causing K+ ions to build up
  • this build up causes Ca2+ channels to open so Ca2+ ions enter
  • Ca2+ ions cause exocytosis of insulin vesicles
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3
Q

insulin secretion continues even if no further increase in blood glucose, suggest why

A
  • glucose concentration in blood may still be high
  • ATP present so K+ channels still closed
  • exocytosis still triggered by Ca2+ ions
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4
Q

similarities between animal and plant hormones in cell signalling

A
  • hormones bind to complementary receptor

- hormones cause cascade of events

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5
Q

why are plants more able to produce natural reproductive clones than animals

A
  • most plant cells are totipotent
  • plants have meristem
  • most animal cells are differentiated
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6
Q

polyploidy is the possession of more than two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus. what is the significance of polyploidy when forming a new species of plant

A
  • hybrids cannot reproduce sexually
  • polyploidy allows hybrid to form gametes
  • stronger plants
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7
Q

describe mechanism that causes plant to grow towards light

A
  • apical cells produce auxin
  • diffusion down shoot
  • greater auxin concentration on shaded part of stem
  • auxin causes cell elongation
  • auxing causes cell wall loosening
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8
Q

describe mechanism that causes someone to cover their eyes with hand in response to a bright light

A
  • retina detects light
  • action potentials along sensory neurone
  • impulse goes through motor neurone
  • contraction of muscle fibres
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9
Q

describe how glucagon is involved in the regulation of blood glucose concentration

A
  • glucagon released by alpha cells in pancreas
  • glucagon promotes glycogenolysis (coversion of glycogen to glucose) in liver cells
  • gluconeogenesis (glucose formed out of other substances ie triglycerides)
  • negative feedback reduces secretion of glucagon
  • glucagon reduces insulin secretion
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10
Q

name of endocrine tissue in pancreas responsible for secretion of hormones

A

islets of langerhans

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11
Q

explain difference between function of rna polymerase and dna polymerase

A

rna polymerase

  • makes mRNA
  • transcription

dna polymerase

  • dna replication
  • semi conservative
  • before nuclear division
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12
Q

name of programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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13
Q

describe how 2 organs may function differently in a calm mammal vs a frightened mammal (fight or flight)

A

lungs

  • calm has slow breathing
  • frightened has fast breathing

liver

  • calm converts glucose to glycogen
  • frightened converts glycogen to glucose

heart

  • calm has small force
  • frightened has great force
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14
Q

which division of the autonomic nervous system is active in a calm mammal and what neurotransmitter is secreted by neurones into organs

A
  • parasympathetic

- acetylcholine

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15
Q

which division of the autonomic nervous system is active in a frightened mammal and what neurotransmitter is secreted by neurones into organs

A
  • sympathetic

- noradrenaline

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16
Q

where is adrenaline produced

A
  • adrenal gland

- adrenal medulla

17
Q

describe the events that occur after adrenaline reaches the cell surface membrane that then result in changes in metabolism inside the cell cytoplasm

A
  • adrenaline binds to receptor
  • complementary shape
  • G protein activated
  • adenyl cyclase activated
  • ATP converted to cAMP
  • cAMP activates enzymes by phosphorylation
18
Q

suggest how having a number of steps in the signalling pathway enables a small number of adrenaline molecules to rapidly cause large effects

A
  • one adrenaline causes production of many cAMP
  • multiplying effect is repeated at every step
  • recycling of cAMP
19
Q

one difference between secretion and excretion

A
  • excretion produces metabolic waste

- secretion produces useful product

20
Q

one similarity between excretion and secretion

A
  • requires ATP

- involved in homeostasis

21
Q

how is type 1 diabetes caused

A
  • body cannot produce insulin

- beta cells damaged

22
Q

risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A
  • obesity
  • lack of physical activity
  • excessive alcohol intake
  • high blood pressure
23
Q

describe how the pancreas acts as an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

endocrine

  • hormones secreted into blood
  • alpha cells produce glucagon
  • beta cells produce insulin

exocrine

  • digestive enzymes such as amylase, protease, lipase
  • secreted into duct
  • secretions go to small intenstine
24
Q

advantages of treating type 1 diabetes with insulin from gmo bacteria over insulin from pigs

A
  • cheaper
  • more dependable supply, more abundant
  • more ethical
  • human insulin produced rather than pigs
25
Q

cAMP in the liver activates enzymes. suggest what happens to polysaccharides in a liver cell

A

glycogenolysis

26
Q

outline the hormonal and nervous mechanisms involved in the control of heart rate

A
  • adrenaline increases heart rate
  • cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata
  • nervous connection to SAN which controls frequency of waves of excitation
  • parasympathetic nerve decreases heart rate
  • sympathetic nerve increases heart rate
  • high blood pressure detected by stretch receptors
  • low blood pH detected by chemoreceptors
27
Q

difference in starch and sucrose effect on blood glucose concentration

A
  • starch only contains glucose
  • sucrose contains glucose and fructose
  • by hydrolysis starch releases more glucose
28
Q

difference in starch and cellulose effect on blood glucose concentration

A
  • starch is digestible
  • cellulose is indigestible
  • amylase for starch digestion
  • no cellulase for cellulose digestion
29
Q

what are glucocorticoids

A
  • cortisol helps regulate metabolism by controlling how fats proteins carbs are converted to energy, helps regulate blood pressure in response to stress
  • corticosterone works with cortisol to regulate immune response
  • release controlled by hypothalamus

Wrong Exam Qs (41 decks)

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