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Wrong Exam Qs > excretion⚠️ > Flashcards

excretion⚠️ Flashcards

1
Q

suggest why a high intake of protein in the diet will be likely to result in a high concentration of urea in urine

A
  • high protein means high concentration of amino acids
  • amino acids cannot be stored
  • amino acids deaminated
  • ammonia enters orinthine cycle
  • increased blood concentration of urea
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2
Q

what hormone is tested for in a pregnant test

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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3
Q

name of cup shaped structure under glomerulus

A

bowmans capsule

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4
Q

explain how the glomerulus is able to perform its function

A
  • afferent arteriole is wider than efferent arteriole
  • build up of hydrostatic pressure
  • endothelium of capillary walls has small pores
  • this all allows ultrafiltration
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5
Q

suggest the effects of complete kidney failure on the composition of the blood

A
  • increase in urea
  • increase in salts
  • increase in water
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6
Q

features of bowman’s capsule that allows it to function efficiently

A
  • basement membrane stops removal of large molecules

- podocytes have projections which ensure gaps to allow passage of substances

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7
Q

nephritis is a condition in which the tissue of the glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule becomes inflamed and damaged.

suggest two differences in the composition of the urine of a person with nephritis when compared to the urine of a person with healthy kidneys.

A
  • proteins present
  • glucose present
  • blood cells present
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8
Q

how a channel protein ensure no positive ions go through

A

-channel has positive charge which repels positive ions

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9
Q

which cells produce ADH

A

-nerve cells= osmoreceptors

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10
Q

how is change of water potential of blood detected

A
  • blood flows through hypothalamus

- osmoreceptors

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11
Q

where is ADH secreted from

A

posterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

ADH acts on the cells of …

A

the collecting duct

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13
Q

name of channel proteins that ADH causes to insert themselves into plasma membrane

A

aquaporins

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14
Q

suggest where ADH is removed from the blood and describe what then happens to the ADH molecule

A
  • in the liver (as a protein)
  • hydrolysis
  • deamination
  • orinthine cycle
  • in the kidneys(as a small molecule)
  • ultrafiltered from the blood as it is a small molecule
  • not reabsorbed
  • excreted
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15
Q

what is added to ammonia at the start of the ornithine cycle

A

co2 and ornithine

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16
Q

a pregnancy testing kit contains a testing ‘stick’ to detect a hormone in the urine

explain how the stick detects this pregnancy hormone

A
  • testing for hCG
  • hormone small so can pass from blood into filtrate
  • immobilised antibodies on stick
  • antibodies attached to marker
  • hormone complementary to antibody so binds
  • coloured line appears
17
Q

name the tissue that lines the proximal convoluted tubule

A

epithelium

18
Q

name the structures that line the proximal convoluted tubule

A

microvilli

19
Q

Some of the changes observed between the glomerular filtrate and the urine are as a result of activity in the proximal convoluted tubule.

explain how these observed changes in concentration are brought about by the proximal convoluted tubule.

A
  • selective reabsorption
  • of glucose and amino acids
  • by facilitated diffusion
  • water follows by osmosis so concentration of ions and urea increases
20
Q

blood from which blood vessel enters dialysis machine

A

artery

21
Q

blood from which vessel leaves dialysis machine

A

vein

22
Q

why is it necessary to add anticoagulant to blood entering dialysis

A

to prevent blood clots during dialysis

23
Q

why does the dialysis fluid used in peritoneal dialysis contain dextrose solution rather than water alone?

A
  • dextrose reduces wp of dialysis fluid
  • kidney function is to remove excess water from blood
  • if it was water alone then water would enter cells by osmosis causing them to burst
24
Q

where in the nephron is glucose selectively reabsorbed into the blood capillaries

A

proximal convoluted tubule

25
Q

which regions of the nephron are present in the cortex

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • glomerulus
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • top of collecting duct
26
Q

where are podocytes present

A

lining the bowmans capsule

27
Q

explain how the longer loop of Henle is able to assist the desert kangaroo rat in preventing excessive water loss

A
  • more ions pumped into medulla
  • builds up greater wp gradient
  • allows more water to be reabsorbed from collecting duct
28
Q

state type of drug that can be misused in body building

A

anabolic steroids

29
Q

explain changes in fluid composition from blood to urine

A
  • large molecules cannot enter filtrate
  • basement membrane prevents large molecules and erythrocytes reaching Bowmans capsule
  • all glucose and amino acids reabsorbed at proximal convoluted tubule
  • some ions reabsorbed
  • urea concentration increases between filtrate and urine due to movement of urea into tubule
30
Q

what is absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

into what are these absorbed

A
  • most of the water
  • some salts

-into blood capillaries

31
Q

in what part of the nephron are walls impermeable to water

A

-ascending limb of loop of henle

32
Q

in what part of the nephron is glucose reabsorbed into blood

A

proximal convoluted tubule

33
Q

on what part of the nephron does ADH act

A

-collecting duct walls

34
Q

what part of the nephron contains podocytes

A

bowmans capsule

35
Q

where in the nephron is most water reabsorbed into blood

A

proximal convoluted tubule

36
Q

explain the role of the loop of Henle in the production of urine

A
  • role of loop of henle is to cause decrease in wp in medulla
  • in ascending limb, active transport of solutes outwards
  • walls of descending limb are permeable to water
  • water removed from descending limb
  • wp of tissues surrounding collecting duct is lower than fluid inside
  • water removed from filtrate in collecting duct
37
Q

function of microvilli in PCT

A

increases SA for reabsorption

38
Q

does DCT or PCT have higher urea concentration and why

A

DCT as water is removed earlier in nephron

Wrong Exam Qs (41 decks)

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