evolution🦧🪨☄️ Flashcards

1
Q

how have modern cattle been produced from less productive ancestors

A
  • artificial selection
  • select cattle with desirable traits such as producing more milk
  • cross breed selected cattle
  • cross breed best offspring
  • over many generations
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2
Q

evidence for evolution

A
  • biochemical evidence
  • compare base sequences
  • compare structure of haemoglobin
  • compare amino acid sequence
  • more similarities indicate closer relationship
  • compare anatomy
  • antibiotic resistance
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3
Q

when cloning why would you use frog with albinism for nucleus to transfer into brown frog eggs

A
  • offspring visibly different from donor

- to show offspring produced are clones

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4
Q

when cloning would the offspring contain mitochondrial dna identical to biological mother, father or donor mother

A

-donor because mitochondria in cytoplasm

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5
Q

potential applications of adult cell cloning

A
  • investigate development and treatment of disease
  • produces best animals
  • preserve endangered animals
  • grow tissues
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6
Q

advantage of using clones for research

A

genetic variable controlled

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7
Q

why does lack of genetic vatiation contribute to disease spread

A

-if one is susceptible to disease then all are likely to be

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8
Q

how to use selective breeding to improve overall disease resistance of a crop in short and long term

A
  • cross breed with disease reistant variety
  • select best offspring
  • interbreed offspring with best offspring
  • continue process for many generations
  • avoid breeding closely related individuals to preserve genetic diversity
  • preserve rare varieties in case they are needed in future
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9
Q

how does parasite benefit from relationship

A
  • warmth
  • protection
  • allows spread to new host
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10
Q

how do bacteria cause food spoilage

A
  • bacteria divide
  • secrete enzymes
  • food digested
  • release toxins
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11
Q

why does food spoil faster at higher temperatures

A
  • more bacteria present
  • more bacterial reproduction
  • more toxins produced
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12
Q

what is the vector for malaria

A

-anopheles

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13
Q

why do adults who survive malaria lose immunity when leave malarial area

A
  • no booster
  • no repeat infections
  • memory cells reduce
  • no secondary response
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14
Q

why has it not been possible to produce vaccine against malaria

A
  • different strains have different antigens
  • due to mutation
  • more than one stage in plasmodium life cycle, different antigens during different stages
  • different strain/life stage needs different vaccine
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15
Q

how do fossils support evolution

A
  • show organisms change over time
  • fossils can be dated
  • fossils show intermediate forms
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16
Q

continuous variation

A
  • no distinct categories
  • can be measured
  • genetics and environment
17
Q

undesirable consequences of selective breeding

A
  • inbreeding
  • less genetic variation
  • greater risk of genetic disorders
18
Q

benefits of using antibiotics on livestock

A
  • prevent disease

- reduce risk of transmitting pathogen to humans