cloning and biotech🤖 Flashcards
explain relationship between sugar concentration falling and ethanol concentration increasing in a bacteria pop
- sugar converted to ethanal
- anaerobic respiration
- sugar undergoes glycolysis
- pyruvate forms ethanal
- NADH gives H to ethanal
- NAD regenerated
why is ethanol considered a primary metabolite of yeast
produced during normal growth
2 factors that may limit max size of yeast population
- sugar concentration falls too low
- pH falls too low
methods of immobilising enzymes
- entrapment in matrix eg polysaccharide, gelatine, activated carbon
- membrane entrapment in microcapsules or behind semi permeable membrane
- adsorption (ionic bond to solid) eg cellulose, silica
- alginate beads
- covalent bonding
benefits of immobilised enzymes
- cheaper in long run as can be reused
- enzyme separate from product so do not have to purify so save money
- immobilised enzyme works at higher temp so reaction can be faster
- can work in changed pH
4 stages of bacterial growth are
- lag phase
- log phase
- stationary phase
- death phase
what is a primary metabolite
- molecule made in or needed for normal growth
- eg glucose or ethanol
2 factors in a fermenter to maximise bacteria growth
- maintain optimum temp
- increase O2
define recombinant DNA
DNA combined from 2 sources
outline process by which a goat may be cloned
- somatic nucleus fused with empty egg cell from another goat
- by electric shock
- this cell grown in vitro
- embryo split
- embryos put in surrogates
what is ethanol used for in plant cloning
sterilising the plant tissue
the tissue sample removed in plant cloning is called…?
the explant
in plant cloning, what is the mass of cells produced called
callus
differences between TLC and gel electrophoresis
- TLC separates by solubility, GE seperates by size
- TLC separates non charged particles, electrophoresis separates charged
- dyes used in TLC, fluorescent tag in electrophoresis
- buffer solution in electrophoresis not TLC
- electricity used for electrophoresis not for TLC
how to increase rate at which bacteria take up plasmids
electroporation
in genetic engineering of e.coli why is a plasmid containing antibiotic resistance gene used
acts as marker gene to indicate which bacteria have taken up plasmid
how to use PCR to compare e.coli growth rates on cancerous liver tissue and healthy tissue
- extract DNA from cancerous liver tissue and healthy tissue
- choose primers for e.coli and DNA
- compare rate of DNA amplification
uses of dna profiling
- paternity
- forensics
- classification
why are some regions of DNA described as non coding
- introns are non coding
- not present in mature mRNA
- not translated
- regulatory genes
why do non coding regions of DNA show more variation
not selected against
describe micro propagation
- take small tissue sample from parent plant (explant)
- sterilise sample with ethanol
- put sample in sterile agar plate with nutrients and hormones
- cells multiply to form mass of identical cells called a callus
- callus is divided up and transferred to new culture medium of hormones and nutrients which causes developments of genetically identical plantlets
- plantlets into compost
disadvantage of micropropagation
- no genetic variation so susceptible to same diseases
- relatively expensive and requires skilled workers
- explants and plantlets susceptible to moulds and other diseases
- if source is infected with virus then all clones will be