cloning and biotech🤖 Flashcards

1
Q

explain relationship between sugar concentration falling and ethanol concentration increasing in a bacteria pop

A
  • sugar converted to ethanal
  • anaerobic respiration
  • sugar undergoes glycolysis
  • pyruvate forms ethanal
  • NADH gives H to ethanal
  • NAD regenerated
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2
Q

why is ethanol considered a primary metabolite of yeast

A

produced during normal growth

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3
Q

2 factors that may limit max size of yeast population

A
  • sugar concentration falls too low

- pH falls too low

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4
Q

methods of immobilising enzymes

A
  • entrapment in matrix eg polysaccharide, gelatine, activated carbon
  • membrane entrapment in microcapsules or behind semi permeable membrane
  • adsorption (ionic bond to solid) eg cellulose, silica
  • alginate beads
  • covalent bonding
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5
Q

benefits of immobilised enzymes

A
  • cheaper in long run as can be reused
  • enzyme separate from product so do not have to purify so save money
  • immobilised enzyme works at higher temp so reaction can be faster
  • can work in changed pH
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6
Q

4 stages of bacterial growth are

A
  • lag phase
  • log phase
  • stationary phase
  • death phase
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7
Q

what is a primary metabolite

A
  • molecule made in or needed for normal growth

- eg glucose or ethanol

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8
Q

2 factors in a fermenter to maximise bacteria growth

A
  • maintain optimum temp

- increase O2

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9
Q

define recombinant DNA

A

DNA combined from 2 sources

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10
Q

outline process by which a goat may be cloned

A
  • somatic nucleus fused with empty egg cell from another goat
  • by electric shock
  • this cell grown in vitro
  • embryo split
  • embryos put in surrogates
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11
Q

what is ethanol used for in plant cloning

A

sterilising the plant tissue

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12
Q

the tissue sample removed in plant cloning is called…?

A

the explant

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13
Q

in plant cloning, what is the mass of cells produced called

A

callus

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14
Q

differences between TLC and gel electrophoresis

A
  • TLC separates by solubility, GE seperates by size
  • TLC separates non charged particles, electrophoresis separates charged
  • dyes used in TLC, fluorescent tag in electrophoresis
  • buffer solution in electrophoresis not TLC
  • electricity used for electrophoresis not for TLC
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15
Q

how to increase rate at which bacteria take up plasmids

A

electroporation

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16
Q

in genetic engineering of e.coli why is a plasmid containing antibiotic resistance gene used

A

acts as marker gene to indicate which bacteria have taken up plasmid

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17
Q

how to use PCR to compare e.coli growth rates on cancerous liver tissue and healthy tissue

A
  • extract DNA from cancerous liver tissue and healthy tissue
  • choose primers for e.coli and DNA
  • compare rate of DNA amplification
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18
Q

uses of dna profiling

A
  • paternity
  • forensics
  • classification
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19
Q

why are some regions of DNA described as non coding

A
  • introns are non coding
  • not present in mature mRNA
  • not translated
  • regulatory genes
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20
Q

why do non coding regions of DNA show more variation

A

not selected against

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21
Q

describe micro propagation

A
  • take small tissue sample from parent plant (explant)
  • sterilise sample with ethanol
  • put sample in sterile agar plate with nutrients and hormones
  • cells multiply to form mass of identical cells called a callus
  • callus is divided up and transferred to new culture medium of hormones and nutrients which causes developments of genetically identical plantlets
  • plantlets into compost
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22
Q

disadvantage of micropropagation

A
  • no genetic variation so susceptible to same diseases
  • relatively expensive and requires skilled workers
  • explants and plantlets susceptible to moulds and other diseases
  • if source is infected with virus then all clones will be
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23
Q

what is artificial embryo twinning

A

many identical embryos from one developing embryo

24
Q

disadvantage of animal cloning

A

no genetic variation

25
Q

what is biotechnology

A

use of organisms in technology to make a useful product

26
Q

what does aseptic mean

A

without microorganisms

27
Q

list two aseptic techniques

A
  • sterilising equipment

- hand washing

28
Q

compare the two types of fermentation

A

batch fermentation
-nutrients and microorganisms added to fermenter at the start, products harvested at the end of fermentation

continuous fermentation
-nutrients steadily added to fermenter and products constantly harvested

29
Q

why are aseptic techniques important in a fermenter

A
  • unwanted microorganisms may grow
  • these compete for food and decrease yield and may produce other products
  • may be harmful microorganisms
30
Q

what type of fermentation produces penicillin and why

A

batch

-penicillin is a secondary metabolite and only produced at a later stage

31
Q

which enzyme is used to make fructose syrup

A

glucose isomerase

32
Q

advantages of continuous fermenter

A
  • fermenter always in use

- high yield

33
Q

why is there a lag phase in growth

A

making proteins essential for growth takes some time

34
Q

examples of natural plant clones

A
  • bulbs eg daffodil
  • runners eg strawberry
  • rhizomes eg marram grass
  • stem tubers eg potato
35
Q

what are perennating organs

A
  • contain stored food from photosynthesis
  • can remain dormant in soil
  • enable plant to survive adverse conditions
  • asexual reproduction
  • allow survival from one season to next
36
Q

advantages of plant cloning

A
  • faster than growing from seeds

- guaranteed good quality plants

37
Q

what is micropropagation

A

process of making a large number of genetically identical plants from a single parent plant using tissue culture techniques

38
Q

when is micropropagation used

A

when the desired plant:

  • doesnt respond well to natural cloning
  • doesnt readily produce seeds
  • is very rare
  • has been GM or selectively bred with difficulty
  • needs to be pathogen free
39
Q

advantages of micropropagation

A
  • allows for rapid production of large numbers of desired plants
  • way of producing large number of seedless plants
  • culturing meristem produces disease free plants
  • way of growing plants which are difficult to grow from seed
  • way of increasing numbers of rare or endangered plants
40
Q

examples of natural animal clones

A
  • starfish regenerate entire animals from fragments of original
  • flatworms and sponges fragment and form new identical animals
  • hydra produce small buds which develop into genetically identical clones
  • monozygotic twins (early embryo splits to form two identical embryos)
41
Q

methods of animal cloning

A
  • artificial embryo twinning

- somatic cell nuclear transfer

42
Q

describe artificial embryo twinning

A
  • embryo either fertilised naturally and extracted or fertilised in vitro
  • while cells are still totipotent, early embryo is split to produce several smaller embryos
  • embryos allowed to grow in lab then implanted into separate surrogates
  • embryos develop as normal, now you have a bunch of genetically identical animals
43
Q

describe somatic cell nuclear transfer

A
  • nucleus removed from somatic cell of desired adult animal
  • nucleus removed from mature ovum from different female animal of same species
  • nucleus from desired adult animal is put into enucleated ovum and given a mild electric shock to fuse and begin to divide
  • or the two cells are placed next to each other and electrofused
  • embryo transferred to uterus of third animal
  • new animal is a clone of original animal
  • however mitochondrial DNA will come from ovum
44
Q

advantages of artificial embryo twinning

A

-animals with desired traits can produce many more offspring than naturally

45
Q

advantages of SCNT

A
  • enables cloning of specific animals

- endangered animals can be reproduced

46
Q

disadvantages of SCNT

A
  • inefficient process, takes many eggs to produce, many result in miscarriage
  • shortened life spans
47
Q

what makes microorganisms good for biotech

A
  • no welfare issues
  • many different microorganisms which all carry out different chemical reactions
  • can GM to make them produce any compound needed
  • short life cycle and rapid growth rate
  • nutrient requirements usually v cheap
  • low temp
48
Q

advantages of using microorganisms to make food

A
  • can GM to have high protein
  • not dependent on weather
  • reproduce and produce protein faster than animals and plants
  • no welfare issues
  • production can be easily increased or decreased to match demand
  • microorganisms can consume waste for energy
49
Q

disadvantages of using microorganisms to make food

A
  • microorganisms have to be separated to get product
  • need sterile conditions
  • some people concerned about GM
  • protein needs to be purified to ensure there are no toxins or contaminants
50
Q

what type of fermentation produces penicillin and why

A
  • batch fermentation
  • penicillin is a secondary metabolite produced after the exponential growth phase
  • cannot use continuous fermentation as this maintains the exponential growth phase
51
Q

how to estimate number of bacteria in colony

A
  • assume each colony is made from one bacterium

- multiply number of colonies by dilution factor

52
Q

disadvantages of immobilised enzymes

A
  • immobilising may reduce activity rate
  • higher initial costs
  • more technical issues with bioreactor
53
Q

advantages of immobilised enzymes over microorganisms

A
  • less wasteful as no biomass is made, only product
  • more efficient as isolated enzymes can be more concentrated than when in microorganism
  • more specific so no wasteful side reactions occur
  • maximise efficiency by using conditions optimum for the enzyme and not whole microorganism
  • less purification as microorganisms produce variety of products
54
Q

how is it possible to produce many clones from one original parent plant

A
  • many explants taken from original plant
  • calluses subdivided
  • plantlets can be subdivided
55
Q

how to ensure results are valid in experiment where you count number of bacteria

A
  • use spreader to spread bacteria on agar, do not swirl plate as it may not be even and counting colonies will be more difficult
  • label petri dish as soon as inoculated so dishes are not confused
  • place petri dish upside down as this prevents agar drying out which would reduce growth