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Conditions + definitions > Resp - embryology > Flashcards

Resp - embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the embryonic stage of lung morphogenesis take place?

A

3-8 weeks

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2
Q

When does the pseudo-glangular stage of lung morphogenesis take place?

A

5-17 weeks

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3
Q

When does the canalicular stage of lung morphogenesis take place?

A

16-26 weeks

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4
Q

When does the saccular stage of lung morphogenesis take place?

A

24-38 weeks

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5
Q

When does the alveolar stage of lung morphogenesis take place?

A

36weeks - 2-3 years

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6
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Where the sperm and ovum have fused to form a diploid cell called the zygote

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7
Q

What is a Morula?

A

The ball of cells formed from mitotic division of the zygote

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8
Q

How does the morula transform into a blastocyst?

A

As the morula continues to grow, nutrition to centre becomes difficult
Therefore a cavity called the blastocystic cavity forms
Cells accumulate at one end, called inner cell mass

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9
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

The outer lining of cells of the blastocyst

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10
Q

When is the blastocyst ready for implantation?

Where does this usually take place?

A

Day 5-6

Inside uterine endometrial layer

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11
Q

How does hte blastocyst implant?

A

The blastocyst begins to bury itself into the endometrium of the womb with the chorion playing an important part

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12
Q

What eventually forms the placenta?

A

The chorion

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13
Q

What does the chorion secrete?

A

Human Chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

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14
Q

How does the chorion develop?

A

Trophoblast forms two layers
Goes on to form chorion
Develops chorionic villi

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15
Q

What happens to the inner cell mass?

A

They form the bilaminar disc
Thus separating the blastocyst cavity into two
>Amniotic cavity
>Yolk sac

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16
Q

What is the maternal part of the palcenta?

A

Decidua basalisof endometrium

Rough + maternal blood vessels

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17
Q

What is the foetal part of the placenta like?

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels + endo of umbilical cord

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18
Q

When does the placenta mature?

A

18-20 weeks

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19
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

Twins from two separate ovum

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20
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

Twins fom same ovum (identical)

Share placenta, may not share amniotic/chorionic sac

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21
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

A dipping of cells of the epiblast (invagination) in the midline
Forms axis of embryo

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22
Q

How are the three germ layers formed?

A

Epiblast cells migrate to space between epiblast + hypoblast
Displace hypoblast
Forms trilaminar disc = three germ layers
>Ectoderm
>Mesoderm
>Endoderm

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23
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Cells from the primitive streak sink down forming a solid tube of cells
This is called the Notocord

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24
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Formation of the neural tube

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25
Q

How does the neural tube form?

A

Neural plate sinks down from ectoderm
Invaginates to form a tube
This is induced by the notocord

26
Q

How does the mesoderm develop?

A 
The neural tube induces the mesoderm to thicken
It then splits into three parts
>Paraxial mesoderm
>Intermediate plate mesoderm
>Lateral plate mesoderm
27
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm split into?

A

A somatic splanchinic mesoderm
And somatic mesoderm
Space between is the intraembryonic coelom

28
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm go on to form?

A

Somites

29
Q

What does the intermediate plate mesoderm go on to form?

A

Urogenital system

30
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm go on to form?

A

Body cavity and coverings
>Peritoneum
>Pleura

31
Q

When does the heart start to beat?

A

Day 24

32
Q

What is the gut formed from?

A

Endoderm

33
Q

How many pairs of somites are there?

A

43

34
Q

What folds does the embyro go under?

A

Lateral fold

Head and tail fold

35
Q

What do the somites divide into?

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome

36
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

Epidermis of skin

Neural tube

37
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

Gut

Respiratory system

38
Q

When is the foetus most sensitive to teratogens?

A

Weeks 3-8

39
Q

Where does the respiratory system develop from?

A

Ventral wall of foregut

40
Q

How does the respiraotry primordium develop?

A

A median outgrowth of foregut called laryngotracheal groove

>Develops caudal to 4th pair of pharyngeal pouches

41
Q

How does the larynx develop?

A

The laryngotracheal groove becomes the paryngeal inlet
With arytenoid swellings + laryngeal cartilages growing off the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches
The epiglottis then forms from the caudal part of the hypopharyngeal eminence

42
Q

What is laryngeal atresia?

A

A rare birth defect due to a failure of recanalisation

Obstructs foetus’ upper airway

43
Q

How does the lung bud develop?

A

Laryngotracheal groove gives rise to laryngotracheo diverticulum
This becomes invested with mesoderm and enlarges to form a lung bud

44
Q

From where does the trachea develop?

A

The endoderm of the laryngotracheal tube forms the pulmonary epithelium and glands of trachea
The splanchnic mesenchyme forms the cartilage, muscles and connective tissue

45
Q

What is a tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

A

Where the trachea and oesophagus do not separate properly, leaving an abnormal passage.
Either blind end (atresia), or connections.

46
Q

What is the pseudoglandular stage of lung development?

A

Lung resembles exocrine gland

Major structures formed, but nor gas exchange

47
Q

What happens in the embryonic phase of lung development?

A

Trachea has formed
The main bronchi have formed
All the way to tertiary bronchi

48
Q

What happens in the canalicular stage of lung development?

A

Lumina of bronchi and terminal bronchioles enlarge
Vascularity increases
Respiration possible by end of stage
Foetus may survive in ITU

49
Q

What happens in the saccular stage of lung development?

A

More terminal sacs develop
Capillaries invade these sacs + squamous epithelium develop at sac ends
Forms Type 1/2 pneumocytes
Blood/air barrier developed

50
Q

When does surfactant production begin?

A

Week 20-22

51
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Surfactant deficiency where child’s lungs don’t inflate

Common in premature children

52
Q

What happens in the alveolar stage of lung development?

A

Formation of alveoli from terminal sacs
Alveoli enlarge
Continues after birth
>Increase in size and number

53
Q

What are the congenital conditions of lung development?

A 
Lobe of azygous vein
Congenital lung cysts
Agenesis of lungs
Lung hypoplasia
Accessory lung
54
Q

What components does the diaphragm develop from?

A

Septum transversum
Pleuroperitoneal membranes
Dorsal mesentary of oesophagus
Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls

55
Q

Why is the phrenic nerve root values C3-C5?

A

Septum transversum originally opposite C3-C5 somites
Migrates caudally during diaphgram development
Brings with it the C3-C5 spinal nerves

56
Q

What are common defects of the diaphgram?

A

Posteriolateral defect
Congeital hiatus hernia
Retrosternal hernia
Acecssory diaphgram

57
Q

What abnormalities can form in the embryonic phase of lung development?

A

Pulmonary agenesis
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Tracheal/laryngeal stenosis

58
Q

What abnormalities can form in the pseudoglandular phase of lung development?

A

Pulmonary sequestration
cystadenomatoid malformation
cyst formation

59
Q

When does the diaphgram close?

A

By around 18 weeks

60
Q

Which side is a diaphragmatic hernia more likely to be on? What does it lead to?

A

Left more than right
Leads to pulmonary hyerplasia
+ Persistant pulmonary hypertension

61
Q

How do you treat respiratory distress syndrome?

A 
Antenatal glucocorticoids
Surfactant replacement
Oxygen
CPAP
Mechanical ventilation
62
Q

What is chronic neonatal lung disease associated with?

A

Increased bronchiolitis severity
Asthma
Future COPD

Conditions + definitions (68 decks)

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