RESP 145 - Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common malignant tumour worldwide?

A

Bronchial Carcinoma

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2
Q

What are the main risk factors for Bronchial CA?

A

Smoking
Environment: Urban living, radiation, occupation exposures
Pre-existing lung disease - Fibrosis, COPD
HIV
Genetics

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3
Q

What are the two main classifications that lung ca can be divided into?

A

Non-small cell and small-cell carcinomas

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4
Q

Where do small cell carcinomas arise from?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

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5
Q

Which of the two (NSCCor SCC) lung cancers are more aggressive?

A

Small cell carcinoma - arise centrally and metastasize early

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6
Q

What is currently the most common NSCLC?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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7
Q

What cells do squamous cell carcinomas arise from?

A

Epithelial cells

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8
Q

Which NSCLC can cavitate?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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9
Q

What NSCLC arises from glandular cells?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

Which NSCLC is most common in non-smokers?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

What duration of cough merits a CXR?

A

3 weeks

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12
Q

Why may a lung cancer present with breathlessness and haemoptysis?

A

Breathlessness - underlying respiratory disease and central tumours can occlude large airways and also can result in lung/lobar collapse
big hairy cocks
Haemoptysis - tumour bleeding into airway

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13
Q

Why may there be chest pain and wheeze in lung cancer?

A

Peripheral tumours can invade the chest wall or pleura - well innervated
Partial airway obstruction (monophonic wheeze)

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14
Q

What nerves can be affected in lung cancer and what symptom/signs may it produce?

A

Recurrent laryngeal - hoarse voice
Pancoast tumours of lung apex - Brachial plexus C8/T1= small muscle wasting and weakness and pain down arm
Sympathetic chain - Horners syndrome
Phrenic nerve - Direct invasion by BCA = ipsilateral hemidiaphragm paralysis

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15
Q

How does horners syndrome present?

A

Miosis, Ptosis, Anhidrosis

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16
Q

What complication could arise from an obstructive tumour in the lung?

A

A post obstructive infection e.g. pneumonia

17
Q

What are the main 4 areas that lung cancers metastasize to?

A

Liver
Brain
Adrenals
Bone

18
Q

How do you stage SCLC’s and name the management for each stage?

A

TNM staging
Stage 1/2 = surgery and radiotherapy
Stage 3 = radiotherapy
Stage 4 = chemotherapy

19
Q

What are the two stages of NSCLC’s? What is the treatment for both?

A

Limited and extensive

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy