NEURO 222 Cerebral Palsy & Autism Flashcards
What are the 4 domains of development?
Gross motor, fine motor and vision, speech language and hearing, social emotional and behavioural
What age should a child be able to sit without support with a rounded back?
6 months
What age should a child be able to sit up with a straight back?
8 months
What age should a child start crawling?
8-9 months
What ages should a child be unsteadily walking?
1 year
What age should a child be able to transfer an object between their hands?
6 months
What age should a child be able to scribble?
14 months
What age should a child be able to draw a circle?
3 years
What age should a child start vocalising?
3 months
What age should a child be able to put together 2-3 words?
1 year
What age should a child be able to make simple phrases?
20-24 months
What age should a child smile responsively?
6 weeks
What age should a child be able to wave and play peek-a-boo?
10 months
What age should a child have symbolic play?
18 months
What age should a child interactively play?
3 years
What are red fags in child development?
discordances amongst domains, visual or hearing impairment, abnormal head growth, absence of social smile by 8 weeks, not walking unaided by 18months and no obvious method of communication by 18months
What may be causes of impaired development?
physical/psychological needs not met ill health developmental disorder neurological disease genetic sensory impairment
What is cerebral palsy (CP)?
A persistent but not unchanging group of disorders of movement and posture due to a non-progressive lesion in the developing brain causing activity limitation
What are the classifications of CP?
Spastic
Dyskinetic and Ataxic
Describe spastic CP
increased tone, hyperreflexia and pyramidal signs due to lack of inhibition - velocity dependent increases in resistance to passive stretch
Can be bilateral or unilateral
Describe dyskinetic CP
Can be dystonic of choreoathetotic due to damage to the extrapyramidal system = damage to basal ganglia and motor tracts that modulate anterior horn cells
What is dystonic CP?
Under classification of dyskinetic CP and is abnormal sustained contraction of agonists and antagonists resulting in abnormal posture in whichever muscle group is strongest
What is choreoathetotic CP?
involunated uncontrolled recurring movements with sustained primitive reflexes
under dyskinetic CP
What does chorea mean?
Rapid high amplitude sudden involuntary movements
What does athetosis mean?
Slow writing movements usually distal
Describe ataxic CP
Due to cerebellum damage resulting in loss of orderly muscle coordination - movements performed with unnecessary force, rhythm and activity
What are some associated symptoms of CP?
cognitive difficulties, vision, hearing, sensory, behavioural, psychological, epilepsy and sleep difficulties
may also have feeding problems, dribbling, bladder and bowel problems due to motor dysfunction
What are some pre-natal causes of CP?
IUGR, toxins/infections, congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities
What are some perinatal causes of CP?
asphyxia and intra-ventricular haemmorhage
What are some post-natal causes of CP?
Vascular diseases, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbances
How may a child with CP present?
Delayed motor milestones and abnormal gait, early hand dominance less than a year old, persistence of primitive reflexes, feeding difficulties and irritability
How do you manage CP?
maximize quality of life, improving independence and participation and everyday function
What is an autism spectrum disorder?
A neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by difficulties in social communication and unusual, restrictive and repetitive behavior and interests.
Variable presentation and it changes over time with varied intelligence
What are some risk factors for ASD?
advanced maternal/paternal age, pregnancy complications
What are some associations with ASD?
intellectual disability, ADHD, motor abnormalities, sleep disorder, anxiety, epilepsy, GI problems
