Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Basically, what defines the innate immune system?

A

It is inborn and operates throughout life

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2
Q

What defines the Adaptive immune system?

A

It changes in response to the pathogens it encounters and is characterised by the development of immunological memory

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3
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small soluble proteins involved in cell-cell signalling

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4
Q

What does autocrine mean?

A

Acts on cell secreting in

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5
Q

What does paracrine mean?

A

Acts on adjacent cells

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6
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Acts on cells and organs at remote sites

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7
Q

What are chemokines>

A

Subgroup of cytokines that recruit phagocytes and cause diapedeses

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8
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into in tissues?

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

What is the most abundant cell of the innate immune system?

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

What cells release Histamine?

A

Mast cells and Basophils

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11
Q

What cell releases Histaminase?

A

Eosinophils

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12
Q

What PRR mediate phagocytosis?

A

Fc, beta-glucan and complement receptors

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13
Q

What PRR’s mediate an inflammaory response?

A

TLR’s, CLR’s and RLR’s

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation?

A

swelling, redness, heat, pain and loss of function

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15
Q

What are the 3 complement pathways?

A

Classical, alternative and mannose binding lectin pathway

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16
Q

What do all three complement pathways result in?

A

Formation of the membrane attack complex

17
Q

What complement proteins form the membrane attack complex?

A

C5b-9

18
Q

Where are complement proteins produced

A

In the liver

19
Q

Once a dendritic cell has encountered an antigen where does it migrate to?

A

Paracortex of lymph node

20
Q

What do dendritic cells do in the local lymph node?

A

They present their antigen to T-cells

21
Q

What are the two different types of T-cell?

A

Th (CD4+) cell and T cytotoxic (CD8+) cell

22
Q

What do CD4+ cells respond to?

A

MHC 2+ Ag presentation

23
Q

What do CD8+ cells respond to?

A

MHC1+Ag presentation

24
Q

What are B-cells activated by>

A

T helper cells and macrophages presenting antigen

25
Q

What happens when CD4+ Th1 cells are activated?

A

They proliferate - secreting IL2 (self stimulate)

Secrete IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha

26
Q

What does IFN-gamma do?

A

Increases ability of macrophages to lyse phagocytosed pathogens

27
Q

What happens when CD8+ cells are activated?

A

produce cytolytic enzymes which are injected into the cell to trigger apoptosis

28
Q

What happens when CD4+ Th2 cells are activated?

A

They self stimulate with IL4 which also causes B-cell proliferation

29
Q

What happens when B cells are activated?

A

They differentiate into effector and memory cells.

30
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

The effector cells once Bcells have been activated

31
Q

What does humoral immunity involve?

A

CD4 Th2 cells –> B cells and antibodies

32
Q

What does cellular immunity involve?

A

CD4 Th1 cells –> macrophages

33
Q

What is affinity maturation?

A

random mutations in v-region genes - changes to DNA sequence affecting affinity (antigen binding ability)

34
Q

What is class switching?

A

Recombination of Ig gene segments. Constant region = heavy chains but change in variable region so there is the same antigen specificity

35
Q

What are some of the chemical factors that are involved in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability in inflammation?

A

Histamine, NO, substanceP, bradykinin, leukotrienes, IL1, TNF, IFN-gamma