IMMUNE 118 Pyrexial Illness Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thermoregulatory centre in the body?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What is the main source of heat in the body?

A

The liver

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3
Q

What is the name for something that sets the body’s temperature at a higher point?

A

Pyrogens

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4
Q

What is the difference between Fever and Hyperthermia?

A

Fever is a regulated increase in body temperature whereas hyperthermia is not and can be damaging

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5
Q

Why is fever good?

A

Anti-pathogen, increased immune function also is a useful clinical sign

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6
Q

Why is fever bad?

A

Consumes energy - 1’C rise = 13% increase in metabolic rate

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of fever?

A

Prodromal, chill, flush and defervescence

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8
Q

Describe the prodromal phase

A

Non specific: headache, fatigue, general malaise and aching

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9
Q

Describe the chill stage

A

Shaking/rigors, vasocontriction, piloerection and feeling cold

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10
Q

Describe the flush stage

A

Body temperature reaches new set level, being warm, flushed

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11
Q

Describe the defervescence stage

A

Sweating to reduce heat as fever falls

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12
Q

Name some body adaptations to inhibit bacterial colonisation

A

Skin - dry, regular turnover, commensals, antimicrobial
Mucous membranes - mucus, removed by cilia/peristalsis
Adherance - e.g. in urinary tract

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13
Q

How does a flagella help bacteria to colonise and invade?

A

Motility overcomes electrostatic forces & acts in receptor ligand binding

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14
Q

What is an invasome?

A

Like a fimbriae but thicker and longer - projection of the surface that allows firm attachment and is a prerequisite to invasion

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15
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Where lots of bacterial cells stick together and adhere to the cell surface wall allowing decreased metabolism, minimal cell division (so less susceptible to Abx)

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16
Q

How might bacteria invade through epithelia?

A

by inducing changes in the cytoskeleton or forcibly through without

17
Q

How might bacteria invade between the epithelial cells?

A

Paracytosis through the cell junctions

18
Q

Post-epithelial invasion what 3 main ways can a bacteria disseminate throughout the body?

A

Using the circulatory system, by surviving inside phagocytes or by digesting through tissues

19
Q

Name some inflammatory cytokines?

What do they do?

A

IL1, IL6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha

Act on hypothalamus to increase PGE2 synthesis

20
Q

What is intermittent fever?

A

Temp returns to normal once every 24 hours

21
Q

What is remittent fever?

A

temp does not return to normal but varies a few degrees either way

22
Q

What is a sustained or continuous fever?

A

Temp stays high with minimal variation

23
Q

What is a recurring or relapsing fever?

A

1 or more episodes lasting as long as several days with normal temperature in between