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Y1&2 Medicine Zoe Veary > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of action of antibiotics?

A

Distruption of cell wall, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inibition of protein synthesis and anti-metabolite activity

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2
Q

Give an example of some macrolide antibiotics?

A

Erythromycin, Clarithromycin and azithromycin

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3
Q

What is the mode of action of macrolides?

A

Bind to 50S ribosome subunit and inhibit protein synthesis

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4
Q

What bacteria are macrolides effective against?

A

gram +ve e.g. staphylococci spp. streptococci

gram -ve e.g H.influenzae, N.meningitidis

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5
Q

When is erythromycin used instead of Penicillin?

A

In a penicillin V allergy

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6
Q

Which of the three macrolides: erythromycin, azithromycin and and clarithromycin shouldn’t be taken with food?

A

erithroymycin and azithromycin

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7
Q

What drugs to macrolides inhibit the hepatic metabolism of?

A

theophylline, warfarin and statins

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8
Q

Give an example of some aminoglycoside antibiotics

A

gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin

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9
Q

What is the mode of action of aminglycosides?

A

Enter bacterial cells via oxygen dependant system and bind to 30S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis

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10
Q

What bacteria are aminoglycosides effective against?

A

aerobes only and good against gram -ve esp. pseudomonas

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11
Q

Why must aminoglycoside use be monitored?

A

Causes ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, has a narrow therapeutic range and has to be given IV

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12
Q

Name some quinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin

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13
Q

What is the mode of action of quinolones?

A

Inhibit DNA coiling by inhibiting DNA gyrase - bacteriocidal

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14
Q

What are the uses of quinolones?

A

only oral anti-pseudomonal abx

Active against gram -ve/+ve and anaerobes

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15
Q

What condition do you have to be careful when giving quinolones?

A

epilepsy, it reduces seizure threshold

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16
Q

Name some tetracyclines

A

Doxycycline, tetracycline, minocycline

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17
Q

What is the mode of action of tetracyclines?

A

Bind to ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis

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18
Q

What organisms are susceptible to tetracyclines and what are their common uses?

A

staphylococci, steptoccoi and gram -ve organisms - second line for skin/soft tissue infections
1st line for CAP

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19
Q

What are some adverse events with tetracyclines?

A

gastric irritation, discolouration and temporary growth stunting (pregnancy and children) and phototoxicity

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20
Q

What is the mode of action of Trimethoprim?

A

antimetabolite - inhibits bacterial conversion of folate to active form

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21
Q

Why is trimethoprim effective in UTI?

A

as it is excreted unchanged so there will be high concentrations in the urinary tract

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22
Q

What is the mode of action of metronidazole?

A

DNA damage in bacterial cells

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23
Q

What are the uses of metronidiazole?

A

anaerobic infections e.g BV, abscesses, aspiration pneumonia and giardia

24
Q

What are some adverse effects of metronidiazole?

A

Rashes, metallic taste and extreme reaction when taken with alcohol

25
Q

Name some glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin, teicoplanin

26
Q

What is the mode of action of glycopeptides?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis - bacteriocidal

27
Q

What are the uses of glycopeptides?

A

active against gram +ve organisms that are resistant to Beta lactam including MRSA
oral vancomycin for C.diff colitis

28
Q

What are some concerns with using glycopeptides?

A

Red-man syndrome with vancomycin, nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

29
Q

What is the mode of action of rifampicin?

A

Inhibits DNA dependant RNA polymerase in bacterial cells

30
Q

What is rifampicin effective against?

A

mycobacteria - TB and also staphylocci - always used with second abx though

31
Q

How is rifampicin mainly excreted and what can happen?

A

Mainly in bile, urine and tears which may turn orange

32
Q

What is the mode of action of Penicillins?

A

Interfere with cross-linking of bacterial cell wall in rapidly dividing cells

33
Q

What are some examples of penicillins?

A

Penicillin V, Benzylpenicilin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin

34
Q

What organisms are not susceptible to penicillins and why?

A

Mycoplasma as they do not have a cell wall

35
Q

What are some beta lactamase inhibitors that are conjugated with penicillins to make them effective in bacterial resistance?

A

clavulanic acid and tazobactam

36
Q

What is the mode of action of cephalosporins?

A

Same as penicillin - interfere with cell wall cross linking in rapidly dividing cells

37
Q

What are 1st generation cephalosporins used for?

A

skin and soft tissue infections

38
Q

what are 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins used for?

A

gram -ve infections

39
Q

Give some examples of cephalosporins?

A

cefalexin (1st gen), cefuroxime (2nd) and cefotaxime (3rd gen)

40
Q

Phototoxicity reactions are common - patient needs to avoid direct sunlight and use high SPF suncreams if on this Abx

A

Doxycycline

41
Q

A carbapenem administered IV once a day

A

Ertapenem

42
Q

A penicillin not orally active. IV preparation used for treatment of meningitis and cellulitis

A

Benzylpenicillin

43
Q

An antimetabolite used as first line treatment for UTI

A

trimethoprim

44
Q

Use in patients with penicillin allergy as its spectrum of activity is similar. Withold statin during treatment with this drug

A

Clarithromycin

45
Q

Brand name piperacillin and tazibactam. Used as first line teratment for HAP

A

tazocin

46
Q

Active orally and IV against MRSA. Weekly FBC monitoring is essential during treatment

A

Linezolid

47
Q

A carbapenem with extended spectrum of activity against pseudomonas infection

A

Meropenem

48
Q

Use this antibiotic with caution in epilepsy as it can reduce seizure threshold

A

Ciprofloxacin

49
Q

An oral 1st generation cephalosporn used for treatment of UTI

A

cefalexin

50
Q

A penicillin predominantly active against staphylococcus. First line treatment for cellulitis

A

flucloxacillin

51
Q

A glycopeptide that causes red-man syndrome if administerd too quickly

A

Vancomycin

52
Q

Active against anaerobic bacteria. Patients should avoid alcohol

A

Metronidiazole

53
Q

An aminoglycoside that inhibits protein synthesis. Serum drug level monitoring is required to detect accumulation

A

Gentamicin

54
Q

This class of antibiotic should not be used in children under 12 years old as it deposits in bone and teeth

A

Tetracyclines

55
Q

A beta lactamase inhibitor, used in combination with amoxicillin in co-amoxiclav to extend its spectrum of activity

A

Clavulanic acid

Y1&2 Medicine Zoe Veary (60 decks)

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