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Y1&2 Medicine Zoe Veary > RESP 103&105 COPD and Pleurisy > Flashcards

RESP 103&105 COPD and Pleurisy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pressure of air at sea level?

A

760mmHg

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2
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

A

At the carina about TIV/V

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3
Q

What cells line the respiratory tract?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelial cells

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4
Q

What is contained within mucus to help fight infection?

A

anti-trypsins, lysozyme and immunoglobulin A

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5
Q

What cells line the wall of the alveoli and alveolar ducts?

A

Type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

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6
Q

Which cells in the alveoli secrete surfactant

A

Type 2 pneumocytes

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7
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

to decrease surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse

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8
Q

What is the tidal volume of lungs?

A

The volume of air drawn into and out of the lungs during normal breathing

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9
Q

What is the vital capacity of lungs?

A

The maximum tidal volume - breathing in and out as much as possible

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10
Q

What is the difference between resting and maximum expiratory/inspiratory volume?

A

expiratory reserve volume

inspiratory reserve volume

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11
Q

What is the volume of the lungs after a maximum inspiration called?

A

Total lung capacity

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12
Q

What is the volume in the lungs called after maximum expiration?

A

residual volume

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13
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs a the end of a normal breath

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14
Q

What is functional residual capacity determined by?

A

Outward elastic recoil of the chest wall and inward elastic recoil of the lungs

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15
Q

What is the normal intrapleural pressure?

A

-0.2 to -0.5 kPA

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16
Q

What happens to the intrapleural pressure during inspiration?

A

It becomes more negative = lung and alveolar expansion

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17
Q

What happens to the intrapleural pressure during expiration?

A

It rises but remains negative

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18
Q

What is Laplace’s law and why is it relevant in the lungs?

A

Describes how the pressure in a bubble is proportional to the surface tension and radius
In alveoli, producing surfactant reduces the surface tension as otherwise the high pressure inside the alveoli would suck fluid in and cause collapse

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19
Q

What is Darcy’s Law and what does it describe?

A

Describes flow through airways

alveolar pressure - mouth pressure / resistance to airflow

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20
Q

What does Pouseilles law describe?

A

That resistance is determined by radius and whether flow is laminar or turbulent

21
Q

What is Daltons Law?

A

Total pressure = the sum of partial pressures of constituents

22
Q

What is Ficks Law?

A

The rate of diffusion across a membrane is proportional to: concentration difference, membrane SA, diffusion constant and inversely proportional to thickness

23
Q

What are the 4 stages in transport of oxygen to tissues?

A

Ventilation of alveoli by convection
Diffusion of 02 across alveolar membrane
Oxygenated blood is pumped around by convection
02 diffuses from capilliaries to tissues

24
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found that control breathing?

A

medulla, carotic and aortic bodies

25
Q

What do the chemoreceptors detect (lung work)?

A

PaCo2 - maintained at 40mmHg

Pa02 and pH

26
Q

What is COPD?`

A

A disease causingn airflow obstruction

27
Q

What are symptoms of COPD?

A

cough, sputum, wheeze and breathlessness

28
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction of lung tissues after terminal bronchioles resulting in floppy airways

29
Q

What deficiency is a risk factor for emphysema?

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

30
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

inflammatory process in the wall of the bronchioles with excess mucus production from hypetrophied flands

31
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for chronic bronchitis?

A

Cough, productive of purulent sputum >3months of at least 2 consecutive years

32
Q

What is hypoxaemia?

A

<8.0kPa 02 in arterial blood

33
Q

How would you describe “pink puffer”?

A

Barrel chests with dyspnoea, use of accessory muscles and weight loss

34
Q

Why do patients become “pink puffers”?

A

Low pa02 with normal/low PaCO2

Low paO2 drives respiration and high resp effort maintain paC02

35
Q

Describe “blue bloaters”

A

Less breathless, cyanosed, flapping tremor, oedema and high JVP

36
Q

Why do blue bloaters become oedematous and have a high JVP?

A

due to right sided heart failure as a result of pulmonary hypertension

37
Q

Why do patients become blue bloaters?

A

They have a low PaO2 and high PaCO2 as they don’t have enough effort to maintain paCO2

38
Q

What are some short acting beta agonists?

A

salbutamol and terbutaline

39
Q

What are some long acting beta agonists?

A

salmeterol and formoterol

40
Q

Name two muscarinic antagonists and what they are used for

A

Ipratropium and tiotropium reduce effect of bronchoconstriction in COPD

41
Q

Name a mucolytic and its use

A

Carbocisteine and decreases acute exacerbation of COPD and need for abx

42
Q

What is the pleura?

A

mesothelium derived from mesoderm

43
Q

What produces the serous fluid contained within the pleural space?

A

mesothelial cells

44
Q

What law describes the maintenance of fluid movement in and out of the pleural space?

A

Starlings hypothesis

45
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural space

46
Q

What can pneumothorax be due to?

A

rupture of sub pleural blebs,as a result of respiratory disease or iatrogenic

47
Q

What is a transudate?

A

A low protein, clear fluid not associaed with infection but with congestive heart, liver or renal failure

48
Q

What is an exudate?

A

A high protein, milky coloured fluid full of inflammatory cells usually associated with disease of pleura or lung

Y1&2 Medicine Zoe Veary (60 decks)

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