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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an aim?

A

a brief statement of what the researcher intends to find out

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2
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a precise and testable statement about the assumed relationship between variables

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3
Q

extraneous variables

A

any variable other than the iv which could affect the dv

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4
Q

examples of extraneous variables

A

noise, time of day, tone of voice, individual differences between participants

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5
Q

confounding variable

A

type of extraneous variable which varies systematically with the iv - because it’s also changing we don’t know if the effect on the dv is due to the iv or the confounding variable

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6
Q

examples of confounding variables

A

carrying out one condition in the morning and the other in the afternoon, harlow monkey experiment

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7
Q

situational variables

A

time of day, same instructions, weather

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8
Q

standardisation

A

keeping all situational variables the same, improving replicability

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9
Q

participant variables

A

age, iq, specific skills

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10
Q

how are participant variables controlled?

A

through random allocation of participants to each condition

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11
Q

what are the two types of order effects?

A

practice effects and boredom effects

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12
Q

what are practice effects?

A

participants do better in the second condition as they have practiced or worked out the aim

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13
Q

what are boredom effects?

A

participants do worse in the second condition as they are not focussing as hard or are bored/tired

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14
Q

counterbalancing

A

abba - half do condition a then b, other half do condition b then a

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15
Q

advantage of counterbalancing

A

order effects should be balanced out

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16
Q

ecological validity

A

how far can you generalise findings to the real world

17
Q

lab experiment strengths

A

high control over extraneous variables so high internal validity, more replicable

18
Q

lab experiment weaknesses

A

can lack external validity, participants may have demand characteristics

19
Q

field experiment strengths

A

high ecological validity, less chance of demand characteristics

20
Q

field experiment weaknesses

A

ethical issues, less control over extraneous variables

21
Q

natural experiment strengths

A

high external validity, unique insights gained into real-life situations

22
Q

natural experiment weaknesses

A

no control over extraneous variables, may only occur rarely so limits generalisation

23
Q

quasi experiment strengths

A

can compare different types of people easily, high ecological validity

24
Q

quasi experiment weaknesses

A

cannot be randomly allocated so less certain that iv alone causes the dv, under natural conditions there is no control over extraneous variables and in lab conditions it lacks ecological validity

25
Q

what are independent measures?

A

randomly allocated participants only do 1 condition each

26
Q

strength of independent measures

A

no order effects

27
Q

weaknesses of independent measures

A

more participants required than repeated measures, participant variables may change results

28
Q

what are repeated measures?

A

each participant does both conditions

29
Q

strength of repeated measures

A

fewer participants needed

30
Q

weakness of repeated measures

A

order effects

31
Q

what are matched pairs?

A

pairs matched based on a key feature like age or iq, one member of pair is placed in each group

32
Q

strengths of matched pairs

A

no order effects, reduces participant variables

33
Q

weaknesses of matched pairs

A

time consuming, impossible to match people exactly unless they’re identical twins

34
Q

what is a target population?

A

the group of people the researcher is interested in studying

Psychology (10 decks)

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