Research

Question 1

Evidence based practice

Answer 1

combines best evidence, patient values, clinical experience

ask > search > appraise > implement > evaluate

Question 2

Quality of evidence

Answer 2

Meta analysis is best/GOLD standard

Case series/report lowest level of evidence

Question 3

Meta analysis and systematic review

Answer 3

Meta analysis
- gold standard
- stats performed on collected data

systematic review
- statistics not performed
- summary of evidence

Question 4

Randomized controlled trials (RCT)

Answer 4

Determine efficacy of intervention

Participants randomly allocated into different groups to minimize bias

Question 5

Cohort studies

Answer 5

Observational

Compares a cohort who share a common characteristic - with and without the exposure

ex: all residents of one town and risk of CVD

Question 6

Case control studies

Answer 6

Compares a group of individuals with a specific condition with a group of people w/o the same condition

2 groups
Similar demographics
One with, one without condition
Observational

ex: stroke vs non-stroke

Question 7

Cross sectional studies

Answer 7

Observational
From a population at a single point in time

“Snapshot”

Question 8

Longitudinal studies

Answer 8

Observation

Repeated measurement of same individual or group across extended time periods

Question 9

Case series/case reports

Answer 9

Document clinical case of a single patient or series of patients

small sample size

Question 10

Qualitative categories

Answer 10

Nominal - mutually exclusive, cannot overlap; blood types

ordinal - ordered/ranked variables; MMT

NOn-parametric data

Question 11

Quantitative categories

Answer 11

Discrete - whole numbers (# of people)

Continuous - decimals, measurements

Interval - no true zero; temperature

RatiO - true 0; height

Does a zero make sense? yes then ratio, no then interval

Question 12

Intra-rater reliability

Answer 12

Test performed by 1 person several times (in one sitting)

Question 13

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 13

Test performed by 2 or more individuals on different subjects for one variable

Question 14

Test-retest reliability

Answer 14

Same test to the same individual on two occasions

Question 15

Concurrent validity

Answer 15

Strongest

compared to GOLD standard

ACL
Lachmans test vs MRI (gold)

Question 16

Content validity

Answer 16

Extent to which test accurately asses what its supposed to assess

6MWT > endurance
MMT > strength

Question 17

Construct validity

Answer 17

What the test is supposed to measure

goniometer measures ROM

Question 18

Face validity

Answer 18

What the test appears to measure

subjective - question survey

Question 19

Type 1 error

Answer 19

False positive

P = 1 vertical line = type 1 error

Question 20

Type 2 error

Answer 20

False negative

N = 2 vertical lines = type 2 error