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Anatomy II > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Germ Cells

A

Known as gametes

Sperm and secondary oocyte

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2
Q

Fertilization

A

Produces one cell with one set of chromosomes from each parent

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3
Q

Gonads

A

Produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

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4
Q

Reproductive Systems

A

Gonads, ducts, glands, and supporting structures

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5
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Each offspring has 2 parents and receives genetic material from both
Provides genetic diversity and is considered the foundation for the survival and evolution of a species

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6
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Identical copy

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7
Q

Sperm

A

Gamete that has motility

Has the Y chromosome

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8
Q

Egg/Ovum

A

Contains most of the nutrients for the developing zygote

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9
Q

Primary Sex Organs

A

Organs that produce the gametes

Testes or ovaries

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10
Q

Secondary Sex Organs

A

Essential for reproduction
Male: ducts, glands, and the penis that deliver sperm cells
Female: uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina that receive the sperm and nourish the developing fetus

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11
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Features that develop at puberty to attract a mate

Pubic, axillary, and facial hair; scent glands; body morphology; low-pitched voice (males)

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12
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Our cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes)
Males have 4 haploid cells

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13
Q

Development of Gonads

A

Begins at 6 weeks as the gonadal ridges

Located near the primitive kidneys (mesonephrons)

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14
Q

Mesonephric Ducts

A

Develop into the male reproductive system (paramesonephric ducts degenerate)

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15
Q

Paramesonephric Ducts

A

Mullerian Ducts

Develop into female reproductive tract (mesonephric ducts degenerate)

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16
Q

SRY Gene

A

Sex-Determining Region of the Y Gene
Codes for protein that causes the development of testes
Secrete testosterone and secrete Mullerian-inhibiting factor to degenerate the paramesonephric ducts

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17
Q

5-6 Weeks

A

Development of gonads
Wolffian duct
Mullerian duct
SRY gene secretes TDF (teste determining factor)

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18
Q

8-9 Weeks

A

Testes secrete Mullerian-inhibiting factor

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19
Q

9-12 Weeks

A 
Development of external genitalia
Genital tubercle (M: penis, F: clitoris)
Urogenital folds (M: urethra, F: labia minora)
Labioscrotal folds (M: scrotum, F: labia majora)
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20
Q

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome

A

Genetically male, but have all female features

Testosterone is secreted, but target cells lack the receptors for the hormone

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21
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Diploid cells
23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 (each pair is homologous and in the same order)
22 autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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22
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid cells
Single set of chromosomes for a total of 23
Produced by meiosis

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23
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromosomes become visible, mitotic spindle appears, nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear
Synapsis, crossing-over, and genetic recombination

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24
Q

Synapsis

A

All copies of homologous chromosomes pair off forming a tetrad

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25
Q

Crossing-Over

A

Portions of chromatids are exchanged between any members of the tetrad
Parts of maternal chromosomes may be exchanged with paternal ones

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26
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along metaphase plate in the middle with attached microtubules

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27
Q

Anaphase I

A

Each set of homologous chromatids held together by a centromere are pulled to opposite ends of the dividing cell
Centromere doesn’t split

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28
Q

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

A

Similar to mitotic division

Result is 2 cells with haploid number of chromosomes

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29
Q

Meiosis II

A

Similar to meiosis I, but the centromeres split and the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell
Net result is 4 genetically unique haploid cells/gametes

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30
Q

Mitosis

A

Split apart sister chromatids

2 diploid cells

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31
Q

Puberty

A

Period from onset of gonadotropin secretion until first menstrual period or first ejaculation of viable sperm
Reproductive system remains dormant until this time
10-12 in most boys, 8-10 in most girls

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32
Q

Adolescence

A

Ends when a person attains full adult height

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33
Q

Female Reproductive System

A 
Ovaries produce ova and hormones
Uterine tubes transport fertilized ova
Uterus is where fetal development occurs
Vagina and external genitalia constitute the vulva
Mammary glands produce milk
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34
Q

Ovary

A

Pair of organs, size of unshelled almonds, found in the upper pelvic region

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35
Q

Regional Histology of the Ovary

A

Tunica albuginea
Cortex
Medulla
Germinal epithelium

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36
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

Capsule of dense connective tissue

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37
Q

Cortex

A

Region deep to the tunica, contains follicles

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38
Q

Medulla

A

Composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatics

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39
Q

Germinal Epithelium

A

Simple epithelial covering over the ovary

40
Q

Follicular Stages

A
  1. Primordial
  2. Primary
  3. Secondary
  4. Graafian
  5. Ovulation

Takes 290 days for all stages to happen

41
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Ovulation wound; follicle after egg is ovulated

Fills in with hormone secreting cells (progesterone) to sustain uterine lining

42
Q

Corpus Albicans

A

White scar left after follicular stages

43
Q

Oogonia

A

Germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary and become oogonia
Oogonia divide to produce millions by mitosis as a fetus, but most degenerate (atresia)
Hormones cause meiosis I to resume in several follicles so meiosis II is reached by ovulation
Penetration by the sperm causes final stages of meiosis

44
Q

How many oogonia present at birth?

A

200,000 to 2 million

45
Q

How many oogonia remain at puberty?

A

40,000 but only 400 mature during a woman’s life

46
Q

Uterine Tube

A

Narrow, 4 inch tube extends from ovary to uterus

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

47
Q

Infundibulum

A

Open, funnel-shaped portion near the ovary

Fimbriae are moving, finger-like processes

48
Q

Ampulla

A

Central region of the tube

49
Q

Isthmus

A

Narrowest portion that joins the uterus

50
Q

Histology of the Uterine Tube

A

Mucosa (ciliated columnar epithelium with secretory cells to provide nutrients and cilia to move the ovum)
Muscularis (circular and longitudinal smooth muscle to move ovum via peristalsis)
Serosa (outer serous membrane)

51
Q

Function of the Uterine Tube

A
  1. Fimbriae sweep oocyte into the tube
  2. Cilia and peristalsis move it along
  3. Sperm reaches oocyte in ampulla, fertilization occurs within 24 hours
  4. Zygote reaches uterus about 7 days after ovulation
52
Q

Anatomy of the Uterus

A

Site of menstruation and development of fetus
3 inches long by 2 inches wide and 1 inch thick
Subdivided into fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix
Contains uterine cavity accessed by cervical canal (internal and external os)

53
Q

Position of the Uterus

A

Anteflexion: normally projects anteriorly and superiorly over the urinary bladder
Retroflexion: posterior tilting of the uterus

54
Q

Histology of the Uterus

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

55
Q

Endometrium

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Stroma of connective tissue and endometrial glands
Stratum functionalis: shed during menstruation
Stratum basalis: replaces functionalis each month

56
Q

Myometrium

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

57
Q

Perimetrium

A

Visceral peritoneum

58
Q

Blood Supply to the Uterus

A

Uterine arteries branch off iliac arteries as arcuate arteries and radial arteries that supply the myometrium
Straight and spiral branches
Spiral arteries supply the stratum functionalis; constriction via hormonal changes starts menstrual cycle

59
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Surgical removal of uterus caused by endometriosis, ovarian cysts, excessive bleeding, cancer

60
Q

Complete Hysterectomy

A

Removes the cervix

61
Q

Radical Hysterectomy

A

Removes uterus, tubes, ovaries, part of vagina, pelvic lymph nodes, and supporting ligaments

62
Q

Vagina

A

Passageway for birth and menstrual flow
4 inch long fibromuscular organ ending at the cervix
Orifice partially closed with hymen

63
Q

Histology of the Vagina

A 
Mucosal layer (stratified squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue; large stores of glycogen breakdown to produce acidity)
Muscularis layer (smooth muscle that allows considerable stretch)
Adventitia (loose connective tissue that binds it to other organs)
64
Q

Vulva (Pudendum)

A

Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Clitoris
Bulb of vestibule

65
Q

Mons Pubis

A

Fatty pad over the pubic symphysis

66
Q

Labia Majora and Minora

A

Folds of skin encircling vestibule where you find the urethral and vaginal openings

67
Q

Clitoris

A

Small mass of erectile tissue

68
Q

Bulb of Vestibule

A

Masses of erectile tissue just deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice

69
Q

Breasts

A

Mounds of tissue overlying the pectoralis major
Nipple surrounded by the areola
Suspensory ligaments attach it to skin and muscle
If nonlactating, contains a little glandular tissue

70
Q

Mammary Glands

A

Modified sweat glands that produce milk
Milk-secreting glands open by lactiferous ducts at the nipple
Amount of adipose tissue determines the size of the breasts

71
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle

A

Controlled by monthly hormones FSH, LH, and GnRH

72
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

Changes in the ovary and after maturation of the oocyte

73
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

Preparation of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum

If implantation does not occur, the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation

74
Q

Puberty

A

Triggered by rising levels of GnRH which stimulate anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH

75
Q

FSH stimulates…

A

Follicles to secrete estrogen and progesterone
2nd sex organs maturation, increase in height and width of pelvis
Prepares uterus for pregnancy

76
Q

Thelarche

A

Development of breasts

77
Q

Pubarche

A

Growth of pubic and axillary hair, apocrine and sebaceous glands

78
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual period

Requires at least 17% body fat in teenager, 22% in adult

79
Q

Climacteric

A

Midlife change in hormone secretion accompanied by menopause

Caused by a decrease in follicles (about 100 remaining)

80
Q

Effects of Climacteric

A

Less secretion of estrogen and progesterone
Atrophy of uterus, vagina, and breasts
Skin thins out, bone mass declines, risks of CVD increase
Hot flashes

81
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy

A

Low dose of estrogen and progesterone

82
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Reproductive Cycle

A
  1. GnRH secreted by hypothalamus
  2. Stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FHS and LH
  3. FSH initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen; estrogen maintains reproductive organs
  4. LH stimulates ovulation and promotes formation of corpus luteum (secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin)
83
Q

Progesterone

A

Prepares uterus for implantation and mammary glands for milk secretion
Lowers blood cholesterol
Inhibits release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

84
Q

Relaxin

A

Facilitates implantation in the relaxed uterus

85
Q

Inhibin

A

Inhibits secretion of FSH

86
Q

Sexual Cycle

A

Averages 28 days but ranges from 20 to 45
Hypothalamus to pituitary to ovaries to uterus
Follicular phase and postovulatory phase

87
Q

Follicular Phase

A

2 weeks
Menstruation occurs during first 3-5 days of cycle
Uterus replaces lost endometrium and follicles grow

88
Q

Postovulatory Phase

A

2 weeks
Corpus luteum
Endometrium lost again if pregnancy does not occur
Progesterone peaks

89
Q

Menstrual Phase

A

FSH, LH, and estrogens rise
Menstruation lasts for 5 days (first day is beginning of cycle)

In ovary: FSH stimulates granulosa cells to secrete estradiol to inhibit GnRH

In uterus: declining levels of progesterone cause spiral arteries to constrict; stratum functionalis is slaughed off

90
Q

Preovulatory Phase

A

Lasts from day 6 to 13

Follicular phase in the ovary: estrogen and inhibin slow secretion of FSH; dominant follicles survive to day 6; graafian follicle enlarges through days 1-14; estrogen triggers LH

Poliferative phase of uterus: estrogen levels repair and thicken the stratum functionalis

91
Q

Ovulation

A

Rupture of follicle and release of second oocyte on day 14
Increasing levels of estrogen stimulate release of GnRH, which stimulates anterior pituitary to release more LH
Corpus hemorrhagicum results

92
Q

Signs of Ovulation

A

Increase in basal body temperature
Changes in cervical mucus
Cervix softens
Mittelschmerz pain (14-40 years of age)

93
Q

Postovulatory Phase

A

Lasts 14 days

Luteal phase in the ovary: corpus albicans forms and progesterone drops while GnRH, FSH, and LH rise (if no fertilization); developing embryo secretes hCG which maintains corpus luteum (if fertilization occurs)

Secretory phase of the uterus: hormones promote thickening of endometrium, menstrual phase begins

94
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome

A

Physical and emotional distress during the postovulatory (luteal) phase
Disappears at onset of menstruation
Oral contraceptives are an effective treatment along with careful diet and exercise

95
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstruation
Hormone imbalance, extreme weight loss/low body fat
Common with athletes

96
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Pain associated with menstruation
Severe enough to prevent normal functioning
Uterine tumors, ovarian cysts, endometriosis, or intrauterine device

97
Q

Abnormal Uterine Bleedine

A

Excessive amount or duration or intermenstrual

Fibroid tumors or hormonal imbalance

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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