Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy II > Lymphatic/Immune 2 > Flashcards

Lymphatic/Immune 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mobilization of Defenses

A

Leukocytes deployed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Margination

A

Leukocytes adhere to blood vessel walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diapedesis

A

Leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells into tissue space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Containment and Destruction of Pathogens

A

Fibrinogen in tissue clots to trap microbes
Heparin prevents clotting at side of injury
Neutrophils respond and kill microbes via phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tissue Cleanup

A
  1. Monocytes arrive in 8-12 hours and become macrophages
  2. Edema slows venous flow and increases lymphatic flow to remove bacteria and debris
  3. Pus is formed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tissue Repair

A

Blood platelets and endothelial cells secrete cytokine PDGF that stimulates fibroblasts to multiply and synthesize collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pus

A

Dead phagocytes, damaged tissue cells, and fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Abscess

A

Accumulation of pus in a confined space not open to the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ulcer

A

Open sore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Immunity

A

Body’s ability to defend itself against specific foreign material or organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Immune Specificity

A

Recognize self and nonself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Immune Memory

A

2nd encounter produces even more rigorous response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T Cells

A

Mature in the thymus
NK cells attack antigens
Effective against fungi, viruses, parasites, cancer, and tissue transplants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

B Cells

A

Mature in the bone marrow
Antibody-mediated response
Effective against bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antigens

A

Molecules or bits of foreign materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Antigen Immunogenicity

A

Ability to provoke immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antigen Reactivity

A

Ability to react to cells or antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chemical Nature of Antigens

A

Large, complex molecules, usually proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Epitopes

A

Small part of antigen that triggers immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hapten

A

Smaller substance that cannot trigger an immune response unless attached to a body protein
Lipid of poison ivy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MHC-I Molecules

A

Built into cell membrane of all cells except for red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MHC-II Molecules

A

Markers seen only on membrane of antigen presenting cells

Macrophages, B cells, thymus cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If cell is infected with virus…

A

MHC-I contains bits of virus marking cell so T Cells recognize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If antigen presenting cells (macrophages or B cells) ingest foreign proteins…

A

They will display as part of MHC-II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Histocompatibility Testing

A

Similarity of MHC antigens on body cells of different individuals
Tissue typing must be done before any organ transplant
Can help identify biological parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pathways of Antigen Processing

A

B and T cells must recognize a foreign antigen before beginning their immune response
B cells can bind to antigen in extracellular fluid
T cells can only recognize fragments of antigens that have been processed and presented to them as part of a MHC molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cytokines

A

Small protein hormones involved in immune responses

Secreted by lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Lymphocytes

A

80% T Cells (cell mediated): involves activation of phagocytes, T Cells
15% B Cells (antibody mediated): antibody production
5% NK cells (nonspecific immunity)

29
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Immunocompetent cell: antigen receptors in place

30
Q

Negative Selection of T Cells in Thymus

A
  1. Must bind to reticular epithelium cell
  2. Must not react to self antigens
    Failing either will result in clonal deletion or anergy
    1/100 emerge immunocompetent
31
Q

Clonal Deletion

A

Destruction of offending T Cell clone

32
Q

Anergy

A

Inactive state, alive but unresponsive

33
Q

Positive Selection of T Cells in Thymus

A
  1. Recognize MCH or reticular epithelium cell
  2. Do not react to self antigens
    Divide rapidly and form a clone of T Cells with identical receptors for antigen
    Only 2% pass
34
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

T Lymphocytes attack and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells

35
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Carry out attack
Display CD8 on surface
Recognize antigen fragments associated with MCH-I molecules

36
Q

Regulatory T Cells

A

Limit cell mediated attack

37
Q

Memory T Cells

A

Provide immunity from future exposure to antigen

38
Q

Cytotoxic T Cell Recognition

A

Antigen presentation by MHC-I proteins

39
Q

Cytotoxic Elimination of Invaders

A
  1. Secrete granules containing perforin that punch holes in large cells
  2. Secretes lymphotoxin that activates enzymes in the target cell, causing its DNA to fragment
  3. Secretes gamma-interferon to activate phagocytic cells
40
Q

Helper T Cells

A

Display CD4 on surface

Costimulates all other lymphocytes and secretes cytokines

41
Q

T Cell Activation

A

Role of MHC-II proteins
Found only on antigen presenting cells
Stimulate helper T cells

42
Q

T Cell Activation

A
  1. Binding of helper T cells (CD4 cells) to abnormal peptides ingested and displayed on MCH-II
  2. Costimulation via a cytokine
43
Q

Attack Phase of Helper T Cells

A

Secrete interleukins

Coordinate humoral and cellular immunity

44
Q

Memory T Cells

A

T Cells from a clone that did not turn into cytotoxic T Cells during a cell-mediated response

45
Q

T Cell Recall Response

A

Available for swift response if a 2nd exposure should occur

46
Q

Recognition T Cells

A

As pathogen disappears, slows down immune reaction

Prevents autoimmune diseases

47
Q

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

A
  1. Millions of different B Cells that can recognize different antigens and respond
  2. B Cells sit and let antigens be brought to them
  3. Once activated, differentiate into plasma cells
  4. Antibodies circulate in lymph and blood
48
Q

Antibody Structure

A

Glycoproteins called immunoglobins
4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light)
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE tips form antigen binding sites

49
Q

IgA

A

Monomer in plasma
Dimer in mucus, saliva, tears, milk, intestinal secretions
Prevents adherence to epithelia

50
Q

IgD

A

Monomer

B Cell membrane antigen receptor

51
Q

IgE

A

Monomer
Tonsils, skin, mucus membranes
Stimulates release of histamines and attracts eosinophils

52
Q

IgG

A 
Monomer
75-85% circulating
Crosses placenta to fetus
Secondary immune response
Binds complement proteins
53
Q

IgM

A 
Monomer
B Cell membrane
Antigen receptor
Pentamer in plasma
Agglutination
54
Q

Somatic Recombination

A

Shuffling DNA segments to form new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes

55
Q

Antibody Actions

A
  1. Neutralization of antigen by blocking effects of toxins or preventing its attachment to body cells
  2. Immobilize bacteria by attacking cilia/flagella
  3. Agglutinate and precipitate antigens by cross-linking them, causing clumping and precipitation
  4. Complement activation
  5. Enhancing phagocytosis through precipitation, complement activation, or opsonization
56
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Antibodies against a particular antigen can be harvested from the blood

57
Q

Primary Immune Response

A

First exposure to antigen response is steady and slow

Memory cells may remain for decades

58
Q

Secondary Immune Response with Second Exposure

A

Thousands of memory cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and cytotoxic T cells
Recognition and removal occurs quickly

59
Q

Natural Active Immunity

A

Produces memory cells

Production of one’s own antibodies or T Cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen

60
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

Produces memory cells

Production of one’s own antibodies or T Cells as a result of vaccination

61
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

Through placenta or milk

Temporary, fetus acquires antibodies from mother

62
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Snakebite, rabies, tetanus

Temporary, injection of immune serum (antibodies)

63
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Excessive immune reaction against antigens that most people tolerate (allergens)

64
Q

Asthma

A

Most common chronic illness in children

Inhaled allergens, histamines, dyspnea

65
Q

Anaphylactic Shock

A

Bronchial constriction, dyspnea, vasodilation, shock, death

Treatment is epinephrine

66
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity

A

IgG or IgM binds to antigens or cell surface receptors to lyse or overstimulate

67
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity

A

Widespread antigen-antibody complexing

Complexes trigger intense inflammation

68
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity (Delayed)

A

12 to 72 hour delay
APC’s in lymph nodes display antigens to helper T cells, which secrete interferon and lymphokines that activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages

Anatomy II (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions