Hematology and Heart

Question 1

Three Types of Granulocytes

Answer 1

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 2

Two Types of Agranulocytes

Answer 2

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Question 3

Neutrophils

Answer 3

Multi-lobed
Most abundant (60-70%)
Increase in bacterial infections

Question 4

Eosinophils

Answer 4

Bi-lobed
2-4%
Increase in parasitic worm infections/allergies
Abundant in mucous membranes

Question 5

Basophils

Answer 5

S or U shaped nucleus
0.5%
Release heparin and histamine
Increase in chicken pox, sinusitis

Question 6

Lymphocytes

Answer 6

Large round nucleus
2nd most common (25-33%)
B Cells (found in bone marrow)
T Cells (mature in thymus)

Question 7

Monocytes

Answer 7

Large horseshoe-shaped nucleus
3-8%
Present antigens
Form macrophages in tissue
Increase in viral infections and inflammation

Question 8

Macrophages

Answer 8

Highly phagocytic cells
Rise during viral infections
Antigen presenting cells
Alert immune system to foreign invaders
Destroy dead/dying host and foreign cells

Question 9

Normal Leukocyte Count

Answer 9

5,000-10,000 WBCs/ul

Question 10

Leukopenia

Answer 10

Low WBC count caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and autoimmune diseases

Question 11

Leukocytosis

Answer 11

Increased WBC count caused by infection, parasitic infections, and bone tumors

Question 12

Leukemia

Answer 12

Bone cancer; increased circulating immature leukocytes caused by bone marrow and blood cancer and genetic/environmental factors
Acute kills quickly, Chronic kills slowly

Question 13

Myeloid Leukocytes

Answer 13

Granulocytes

Question 14

Lymphoid Leukocytes

Answer 14

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Question 15

Platelets/Thrombocytes

Answer 15

Fragments of Megakaryocytes
2nd most abundant formed element
130,000-400,000/ul
Assist with clotting small cuts

Question 16

Platelet Production

Answer 16

Thrombopoiesis
Thrombopoietin from liver and kidney stimulate production from hemopoietic stem cells
Megakaryoblasts duplicate DNA without undergoing division
Produces a Megakaryocyte
Proplatelets extend through endothelium and break off

Question 17

Hemostasis

Answer 17

The control of hemhorrage

Question 18

Three Hemostatic Mechanisms

Answer 18

1. Vascular Spasm (vasoconstriction)
2. Platelet Plug
3. Blood Clotting (formation of fibrin threads)

Question 19

Platelet Plug Formation

Answer 19

Adenosine Triphosphate attracts platelets

Platelets adhere to each other

Question 20

Coagulation

Answer 20

Involves 12 procoagulants and 30 chemical reactions
Last and most effective defense
Produced in the liver
Vitamin K required

Question 21

Clot Formation

Answer 21

Objective: convert fibrinogen into fibrin

Intrinsic (within the blood) and Extrinsic (released by tissue damage)

Question 22

Intrinsic

Answer 22

Factor VII activates Factor X

Question 23

Extrinsic

Answer 23

Factor III + Factor VII + Ca2+ = Factor X

Question 24

First Stage

Answer 24

Intrinsic (within the blood) and Extrinsic (released by tissue damage)

Question 25

Second Stage

Answer 25

Prothrombin + Prothrombin Activator = Thrombin

Question 26

Third Stage

Answer 26

Fibrinogen + Thrombin = Fibrin

Question 27

Fourth Stage

Answer 27

Fibrin + Factor XIII = Fibrin Polymer

Question 28

Fibrinolysis

Answer 28

The dissolution of a clot using enzymes

Question 29

Anticoagulants

Answer 29

Stop clotting | Examples: heparin, warfarin, aspirin, EDTA

Question 30

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 30

Inability to form clots | Hemophilia

Question 31

Intravascular Clotting

Answer 31

Thrombosis and Embolism

Question 32

Thrombosis

Answer 32

Clot (thrombus) forming in an unbroken blood vessel

Question 33

Embolism

Answer 33

Embolus is a thrombus circulating in the blood Can block blood supply to an organ (infarction) MI or stroke Pulmonary embolism

Question 34

Pulmonary Embolism

Answer 34

A blood clot forming in a leg vein from DVT that moves to the lungs

Question 35

Coronary Thrombosis

Answer 35

Clot formation in the heart

Question 36

ABO Blood Group

Answer 36

Determined by presence or absence of agglutinogens A and B | Plasma contains agglutinins that attack the A or B agglutinogens not found in your blood cells

Question 37

Type A

Answer 37

Has A agglutinogens

Question 38

Type B

Answer 38

Has B agglutinogens

Question 39

Type AB

Answer 39

Universal recipients A and B agglutinogens No plasma agglutinins

Question 40

Type O

Answer 40

Universal donors Neither A nor B agglutinogens AB agglutinogens

Question 41

Rh Blood Group

Answer 41

People with Rh agglutinogens (D) are Rh+ | People without Rh agglutinogens (D) are Rh-

Question 42

Rh Plasma

Answer 42

Plasma does not normally contain anti-Rh agglutinins unless exposed to the antigen as a fetus

Question 43

Bone Marrow Transplant

Answer 43

Intravenous transfer of healthy bone marrow stem cells Must have similar Major Histamine Complex Immunosuppressive drugs required Treatment for leukemia, sickle-cell, lymphoma

Question 44

Cardiovascular System

Answer 44

Consists of pump (heart) and tubes (vessels) | Two major divisions: pulmonary and systemic

Question 45

Pulmonary Circuit

Answer 45

Right side of the heart | Blood to lungs for gas exchange

Question 46

Systemic Circuit

Answer 46

Left side of the heart | Supplies blood to all other tissues of the body

Question 47

Heart Location and Size

Answer 47

Located in mediastinum | Size of a fist

Question 48

Pericardium

Answer 48

Membrane surrounding the heart | Allows heart to beat without friction

Question 49

Fibrous Pericardium

Answer 49

1. CT membrane | 2. Outer layer

Question 50

Pericardial Cavity

Answer 50

Contains pericardial fluid

Question 51

Visceral/Serous Pericardium

Answer 51

Covers heart surface

Question 52

Layers of Heart Wall

Answer 52

Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium

Question 53

Epicardium

Answer 53

Simple squamous | Serous membrane

Question 54

Myocardium

Answer 54

Muscular portion | Contracts in a spiral motion to squeeze blood out of ventricles

Question 55

Endocardium

Answer 55

Lines ventricles

Question 56

Four Heart Chambers

Answer 56

Right Atria Right Ventricle Left Atria Left Ventricle

Question 57

Right Atria

Answer 57

Receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circuit

Question 58

Left Atria

Answer 58

Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circuit

Question 59

Right Ventricle

Answer 59

Pumps to pulmonary arteries

Question 60

Left Ventricle

Answer 60

Pumps to systemic arteries

Question 61

Interventricular Septum

Answer 61

Separates right and left ventricles | Left ventricle is most muscular because it pumps to systemic circuit

Question 62

General Circulatory Pathway

Answer 62

``` Right Atria Right Ventricle Pulmonary Trunk Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Returns through pulmonary veins Left Atria Left Ventricle Aorta Vessels Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Coronary Sinus Repeat ```

Question 63

Atrioventricular Heart Valves

Answer 63

Right AV Valve: 3 cusps (tricuspid) | Left AV Valve: 2 cusps (bicuspid, mitral)

Question 64

Chordae Tendinae

Answer 64

Connect valves to papillary muscles and allow valves to open and close to allow one way flow

Question 65

Semilunar Valves

Answer 65

Pulmonary Semilunar: RV to pulmonary trunk Aortic Semilunar: Aorta Both have 3 cusps and no chordae tendinae