Hematology and Heart Flashcards
Three Types of Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Two Types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Multi-lobed
Most abundant (60-70%)
Increase in bacterial infections
Eosinophils
Bi-lobed
2-4%
Increase in parasitic worm infections/allergies
Abundant in mucous membranes
Basophils
S or U shaped nucleus
0.5%
Release heparin and histamine
Increase in chicken pox, sinusitis
Lymphocytes
Large round nucleus
2nd most common (25-33%)
B Cells (found in bone marrow)
T Cells (mature in thymus)
Monocytes
Large horseshoe-shaped nucleus 3-8% Present antigens Form macrophages in tissue Increase in viral infections and inflammation
Macrophages
Highly phagocytic cells Rise during viral infections Antigen presenting cells Alert immune system to foreign invaders Destroy dead/dying host and foreign cells
Normal Leukocyte Count
5,000-10,000 WBCs/ul
Leukopenia
Low WBC count caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and autoimmune diseases
Leukocytosis
Increased WBC count caused by infection, parasitic infections, and bone tumors
Leukemia
Bone cancer; increased circulating immature leukocytes caused by bone marrow and blood cancer and genetic/environmental factors
Acute kills quickly, Chronic kills slowly
Myeloid Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Lymphoid Leukocytes
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Platelets/Thrombocytes
Fragments of Megakaryocytes
2nd most abundant formed element
130,000-400,000/ul
Assist with clotting small cuts
Platelet Production
Thrombopoiesis
Thrombopoietin from liver and kidney stimulate production from hemopoietic stem cells
Megakaryoblasts duplicate DNA without undergoing division
Produces a Megakaryocyte
Proplatelets extend through endothelium and break off
Hemostasis
The control of hemhorrage
Three Hemostatic Mechanisms
- Vascular Spasm (vasoconstriction)
- Platelet Plug
- Blood Clotting (formation of fibrin threads)
Platelet Plug Formation
Adenosine Triphosphate attracts platelets
Platelets adhere to each other
Coagulation
Involves 12 procoagulants and 30 chemical reactions
Last and most effective defense
Produced in the liver
Vitamin K required
Clot Formation
Objective: convert fibrinogen into fibrin
Intrinsic (within the blood) and Extrinsic (released by tissue damage)
Intrinsic
Factor VII activates Factor X
Extrinsic
Factor III + Factor VII + Ca2+ = Factor X
First Stage
Intrinsic (within the blood) and Extrinsic (released by tissue damage)
Second Stage
Prothrombin + Prothrombin Activator = Thrombin
Third Stage
Fibrinogen + Thrombin = Fibrin
Fourth Stage
Fibrin + Factor XIII = Fibrin Polymer
Fibrinolysis
The dissolution of a clot using enzymes
Anticoagulants
Stop clotting
Examples: heparin, warfarin, aspirin, EDTA
Thrombocytopenia
Inability to form clots
Hemophilia
Intravascular Clotting
Thrombosis and Embolism
Thrombosis
Clot (thrombus) forming in an unbroken blood vessel
Embolism
Embolus is a thrombus circulating in the blood
Can block blood supply to an organ (infarction)
MI or stroke
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary Embolism
A blood clot forming in a leg vein from DVT that moves to the lungs
Coronary Thrombosis
Clot formation in the heart
ABO Blood Group
Determined by presence or absence of agglutinogens A and B
Plasma contains agglutinins that attack the A or B agglutinogens not found in your blood cells
Type A
Has A agglutinogens
Type B
Has B agglutinogens
Type AB
Universal recipients
A and B agglutinogens
No plasma agglutinins
Type O
Universal donors
Neither A nor B agglutinogens
AB agglutinogens
Rh Blood Group
People with Rh agglutinogens (D) are Rh+
People without Rh agglutinogens (D) are Rh-
Rh Plasma
Plasma does not normally contain anti-Rh agglutinins unless exposed to the antigen as a fetus
Bone Marrow Transplant
Intravenous transfer of healthy bone marrow stem cells
Must have similar Major Histamine Complex
Immunosuppressive drugs required
Treatment for leukemia, sickle-cell, lymphoma
Cardiovascular System
Consists of pump (heart) and tubes (vessels)
Two major divisions: pulmonary and systemic
Pulmonary Circuit
Right side of the heart
Blood to lungs for gas exchange
Systemic Circuit
Left side of the heart
Supplies blood to all other tissues of the body
Heart Location and Size
Located in mediastinum
Size of a fist
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart
Allows heart to beat without friction
Fibrous Pericardium
- CT membrane
2. Outer layer
Pericardial Cavity
Contains pericardial fluid
Visceral/Serous Pericardium
Covers heart surface
Layers of Heart Wall
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Epicardium
Simple squamous
Serous membrane
Myocardium
Muscular portion
Contracts in a spiral motion to squeeze blood out of ventricles
Endocardium
Lines ventricles
Four Heart Chambers
Right Atria
Right Ventricle
Left Atria
Left Ventricle
Right Atria
Receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circuit
Left Atria
Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circuit
Right Ventricle
Pumps to pulmonary arteries
Left Ventricle
Pumps to systemic arteries
Interventricular Septum
Separates right and left ventricles
Left ventricle is most muscular because it pumps to systemic circuit
General Circulatory Pathway
Right Atria Right Ventricle Pulmonary Trunk Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Returns through pulmonary veins Left Atria Left Ventricle Aorta Vessels Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Coronary Sinus Repeat
Atrioventricular Heart Valves
Right AV Valve: 3 cusps (tricuspid)
Left AV Valve: 2 cusps (bicuspid, mitral)
Chordae Tendinae
Connect valves to papillary muscles and allow valves to open and close to allow one way flow
Semilunar Valves
Pulmonary Semilunar: RV to pulmonary trunk
Aortic Semilunar: Aorta
Both have 3 cusps and no chordae tendinae
