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Anatomy II > Digestive/Endocrine > Flashcards

Digestive/Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Liver Role in Digestion

A

Secretion of bile

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2
Q

Hepatic Triad

A

Hepatic Portal Vein
Bile Duct
Hepatic Artery

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3
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

70% of blood that goes through the liver

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4
Q

Bile Duct

A

Collection of bile from all cells

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5
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

30% of blood that goes through the liver

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6
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile produced in the liver and concentrates it

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7
Q

Pathway of Bile Secretion

A
  1. Bile capillaries
  2. Hepatic ducts create common hepatic duct
  3. Cystic duct (gallbladder) and common hepatic duct make common bile duct
  4. Common bile duct and pancreatic duct empty into duodenum
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8
Q

Components of Bile

A
  1. Water and cholesterol
  2. Bile salts (Na and K)
  3. Bile pigments (bilirubin) from hemoglobin molecule
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9
Q

Acini

A

Dark clusters in the pancreas
Exocrine
99% of pancreas
Produce pancreatic juice

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10
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

1% of gland
Pale staining cells
Produce hormones

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11
Q

Pancreatic Juice Components

A

Water, enzymes, and sodium bicarbonate

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12
Q

Digestive Enzymes of Pancreas

A 
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Ribonuclease
Deoxyribonuclease
Zymogens
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13
Q

Zymogens of Pancreas

A

Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase

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14
Q

Activation of Zymogens

A

Trypsinogen converted to trypsin by intestinal epithelium

Trypsin converts other two zymogens as well as digests dietary protein

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15
Q

Regulation of Pancreatic Secretions

A

Acetylcholine
Secretin
Cholecystokinin

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16
Q

Acetylcholine in Pancreas

A

Vagal origin

Stimulates acini to secrete enzymes during cephalic phase

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17
Q

Secretin in Pancreas

A

Acidity in intestine causes increased sodium bicarbonate release

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18
Q

Cholecystokinin in Pancreas

A

Fats and proteins cause increased digestive enzyme release, contraction of gallbladder, and relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi

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19
Q

Equations for Regulation of Pancreatic Secretions

A

HCl + NaHCO3 –> NaCl + H2CO3 –> NaCl + H2O + CO2

H2O goes into stomach, CO2 goes into the blood
Decreases acidity, lowers pH

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20
Q

Anatomy of Small Intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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21
Q

Where does all absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

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22
Q

Histology of Small Intestine

A
  1. Circular Folds (increase surface area, slow progress of chyme)
  2. Gastric Pits (secrete chemicals)
  3. Villi (contains arteriole, blood capillaries, venule, and lymphatic capillary)
  4. Microvilli (contain enzymes that complete chemical digestion; contain brush border enzymes)
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23
Q

Functions of Microvilli

A

Absorption and digestion
Significant cell division within intestinal glands
Rupture and release digestive enzymes and proteins

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24
Q

Cells of Intestinal Glands

A
  1. Microvilli
  2. Goblet Cell
  3. Enteroendocrine Cell
  4. Paneth Cell
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25
Enteroendocrine Cell
Secretes secretin, CCK, or gastric inhibitory peptide
26
Paneth Cell
Secretes lysozyme
27
Segmentation
Local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices
28
Digestion of Carbohydrates
1. Mouth: salivary amylase 2. Esophagus and Stomach: nothing 3. Duodenum: pancreatic amylase 4. Brush border enzymes (maltase, sucrase, and lactase) act on disaccharides to produce monosaccharides
29
Digestion of Proteins
1. Stomach: HCl denatures proteins and pepsin turns into peptides 2. Pancreas: trypsin and chymotrypsin take over 3. Carboxypeptidase: removes AA from carboxyl group 4. Aminopeptidase: removes AA from nitrogenous group 5. Dipeptidase: splits dipeptides in the middle and releases the last two free AA
30
Protein Absorption
Brush border enzymes produce amino acids that are absorbed into the intestinal epithelial cells and into the bloodstream
31
Digestion of Lipids
1. Mouth: lingual lipase | 2. Small Intestine: emulsification by bile; pancreatic lipase splits into fatty acids and monoglycerides
32
Fat Digestion Sequence
Fat globule --> Monoglyceride --> Micelle
33
Absorption of Lipids
Fats are rebuilt and coated with protein to form chylomicrons in epithelial cells
34
Chylomicrons
Travel in lymphatic system to reach veins near the heart | Removed from the blood by liver and fat tissue
35
Digestion of Nucleic Acids
Pancreatic juice contains ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease | Transported across intestinal epithelium
36
Absorption of Electrolytes
Enter epithelial cells by diffusion and secondary active transport
37
Absorption of Vitamins
Absorbed unchanged Fat soluble travel in micelles Water soluble absorbed by diffusion B12 combines with intrinsic factor
38
Absorption of Water
Small intestine reabsorbs 8 L Large intestine reabsorbs 0.8 L 0.2 L passed in fecal matter
39
Four Regions of Large Intestine
Cecum Appendix Rectum Anal Canal
40
Histology of Large Intestine
Mucosa: smooth tube, simple columnar cells, goblet cells Muscular layer: outer longitudinal muscle Serosa: visceral peritoneum Appendix: contains large amounts of lymphatic tissue
41
Intestinal Microbes
Digest cellulose, pectin, plant polysaccharides Absorb digested material Bacteria synthesize vitamins B and K
42
Anatomy of Anal Canal
3 cm in length | Longitudinal ridges separated by mucus secreting anal sinuses
43
Defecation
1. Feces stretch rectum and stimulate stretch receptors 2. Spinal reflex stimulates contraction of the rectum 3. Spinal reflex relaxes internal sphincter 4. Impulses from the brain keep external sphincter contracted
44
Endocrine System
Hormones released into the bloodstream travel throughout the body Results may take hours, but last a long time
45
Nervous System
Certain parts release hormones into the blood Rest releases neurotransmitters to excite or inhibit nerve, muscle, and gland cells Results in milliseconds, brief duration of effects
46
Cell Communications
Gap Junctions Neurotransmitters Paracrine Hormones Hormones
47
Paracrine Hormones
Secreted into tissue fluids to effect nearby cells
48
Similarities in Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Secrete norepinephrine, dopamine, and ADH | Systems regulate each other
49
Exocrine Glands
Secretes products into ducts which empty into body cavities or body surface Extracellular effects Sweat, oil, mucous, and digestive glands
50
Endocrine Glands
Secrete products into bloodstream Intracellular effects Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
51
Anterior and Posterior Pituitary Glands
Posterior pituitary gland develops from hypothalamus | Anterior pituitary gland develops from the roof of the mouth
52
Hypothalamus
Master of the endocrine system
53
Anatomy of Pituitary Gland
Anterior lobe: adenohypophysis | Posterior lobe: neurohypophysis
54
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Releases oxytocin and ADH
55
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Releases follicle stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormone
56
Tropic Hormones
Target other endocrine glands 1. Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone 3. ACTH
57
Growth Hormone
Secreted by somatotropes of anterior pituitary Promotes tissue growth by affecting mitosis Indirectly stimulates liver to produce insulin growth factor
58
Actions of GH
Protein synthesis Lipid metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism Electrolyte balance
59
Protein Synthesis of GH
Translates mRNA into proteins | Increases amino acids into the cell to support protein synthesis
60
Lipid Metabolism of GH
Supports energy needs | Protein-sparing effect
61
Carbohydrate Metabolism of GH
Glucose-sparing effect by mobilizing fatty acids, reducing dependence on glucose to avoid competition with the brain Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver
62
Electrolyte Balance of GH
Na, K, Cl retention by kidneys | Increases calcium absorption by the small intestine
63
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Hypothalamus regulates thyrotroph cells Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Thyrotroph cells produce TSH TSH stimulates synthesis and secretion of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)
64
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) | Gonadotrophic cells release FSH
65
FSH Functions
Initiates formation of follicles within the ovary Stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen Stimulates sperm production in the testes
66
Lutenizing Hormone
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) Gonadotrophic cells produce LH In females, LH stimulates ovulation In males, LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
67
Prolactin
Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) prevents prolactin release Lactotrophic cells produce prolactin Suckling reduces levels of PIH and prolactin levels rise along with milk production
68
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
Regulates response to stress Corticotrophic cells secrete ACTH and MSH ACTH stimulates cells of adrenal cortex that produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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