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Anatomy II > Digestive/Endocrine > Flashcards

Digestive/Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Liver Role in Digestion

A

Secretion of bile

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2
Q

Hepatic Triad

A

Hepatic Portal Vein
Bile Duct
Hepatic Artery

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3
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

70% of blood that goes through the liver

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4
Q

Bile Duct

A

Collection of bile from all cells

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5
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

30% of blood that goes through the liver

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6
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile produced in the liver and concentrates it

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7
Q

Pathway of Bile Secretion

A
  1. Bile capillaries
  2. Hepatic ducts create common hepatic duct
  3. Cystic duct (gallbladder) and common hepatic duct make common bile duct
  4. Common bile duct and pancreatic duct empty into duodenum
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8
Q

Components of Bile

A
  1. Water and cholesterol
  2. Bile salts (Na and K)
  3. Bile pigments (bilirubin) from hemoglobin molecule
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9
Q

Acini

A

Dark clusters in the pancreas
Exocrine
99% of pancreas
Produce pancreatic juice

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10
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

1% of gland
Pale staining cells
Produce hormones

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11
Q

Pancreatic Juice Components

A

Water, enzymes, and sodium bicarbonate

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12
Q

Digestive Enzymes of Pancreas

A 
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Ribonuclease
Deoxyribonuclease
Zymogens
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13
Q

Zymogens of Pancreas

A

Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase

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14
Q

Activation of Zymogens

A

Trypsinogen converted to trypsin by intestinal epithelium

Trypsin converts other two zymogens as well as digests dietary protein

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15
Q

Regulation of Pancreatic Secretions

A

Acetylcholine
Secretin
Cholecystokinin

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16
Q

Acetylcholine in Pancreas

A

Vagal origin

Stimulates acini to secrete enzymes during cephalic phase

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17
Q

Secretin in Pancreas

A

Acidity in intestine causes increased sodium bicarbonate release

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18
Q

Cholecystokinin in Pancreas

A

Fats and proteins cause increased digestive enzyme release, contraction of gallbladder, and relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi

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19
Q

Equations for Regulation of Pancreatic Secretions

A

HCl + NaHCO3 –> NaCl + H2CO3 –> NaCl + H2O + CO2

H2O goes into stomach, CO2 goes into the blood
Decreases acidity, lowers pH

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20
Q

Anatomy of Small Intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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21
Q

Where does all absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

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22
Q

Histology of Small Intestine

A
  1. Circular Folds (increase surface area, slow progress of chyme)
  2. Gastric Pits (secrete chemicals)
  3. Villi (contains arteriole, blood capillaries, venule, and lymphatic capillary)
  4. Microvilli (contain enzymes that complete chemical digestion; contain brush border enzymes)
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23
Q

Functions of Microvilli

A

Absorption and digestion
Significant cell division within intestinal glands
Rupture and release digestive enzymes and proteins

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24
Q

Cells of Intestinal Glands

A
  1. Microvilli
  2. Goblet Cell
  3. Enteroendocrine Cell
  4. Paneth Cell
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25
Q

Enteroendocrine Cell

A

Secretes secretin, CCK, or gastric inhibitory peptide

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26
Q

Paneth Cell

A

Secretes lysozyme

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27
Q

Segmentation

A

Local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices

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28
Q

Digestion of Carbohydrates

A
  1. Mouth: salivary amylase
  2. Esophagus and Stomach: nothing
  3. Duodenum: pancreatic amylase
  4. Brush border enzymes (maltase, sucrase, and lactase) act on disaccharides to produce monosaccharides
29
Q

Digestion of Proteins

A
  1. Stomach: HCl denatures proteins and pepsin turns into peptides
  2. Pancreas: trypsin and chymotrypsin take over
  3. Carboxypeptidase: removes AA from carboxyl group
  4. Aminopeptidase: removes AA from nitrogenous group
  5. Dipeptidase: splits dipeptides in the middle and releases the last two free AA
30
Q

Protein Absorption

A

Brush border enzymes produce amino acids that are absorbed into the intestinal epithelial cells and into the bloodstream

31
Q

Digestion of Lipids

A
  1. Mouth: lingual lipase

2. Small Intestine: emulsification by bile; pancreatic lipase splits into fatty acids and monoglycerides

32
Q

Fat Digestion Sequence

A

Fat globule –> Monoglyceride –> Micelle

33
Q

Absorption of Lipids

A

Fats are rebuilt and coated with protein to form chylomicrons in epithelial cells

34
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Travel in lymphatic system to reach veins near the heart

Removed from the blood by liver and fat tissue

35
Q

Digestion of Nucleic Acids

A

Pancreatic juice contains ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

Transported across intestinal epithelium

36
Q

Absorption of Electrolytes

A

Enter epithelial cells by diffusion and secondary active transport

37
Q

Absorption of Vitamins

A

Absorbed unchanged
Fat soluble travel in micelles
Water soluble absorbed by diffusion
B12 combines with intrinsic factor

38
Q

Absorption of Water

A

Small intestine reabsorbs 8 L
Large intestine reabsorbs 0.8 L
0.2 L passed in fecal matter

39
Q

Four Regions of Large Intestine

A

Cecum
Appendix
Rectum
Anal Canal

40
Q

Histology of Large Intestine

A

Mucosa: smooth tube, simple columnar cells, goblet cells
Muscular layer: outer longitudinal muscle
Serosa: visceral peritoneum
Appendix: contains large amounts of lymphatic tissue

41
Q

Intestinal Microbes

A

Digest cellulose, pectin, plant polysaccharides
Absorb digested material
Bacteria synthesize vitamins B and K

42
Q

Anatomy of Anal Canal

A

3 cm in length

Longitudinal ridges separated by mucus secreting anal sinuses

43
Q

Defecation

A
  1. Feces stretch rectum and stimulate stretch receptors
  2. Spinal reflex stimulates contraction of the rectum
  3. Spinal reflex relaxes internal sphincter
  4. Impulses from the brain keep external sphincter contracted
44
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormones released into the bloodstream travel throughout the body
Results may take hours, but last a long time

45
Q

Nervous System

A

Certain parts release hormones into the blood
Rest releases neurotransmitters to excite or inhibit nerve, muscle, and gland cells
Results in milliseconds, brief duration of effects

46
Q

Cell Communications

A

Gap Junctions
Neurotransmitters
Paracrine Hormones
Hormones

47
Q

Paracrine Hormones

A

Secreted into tissue fluids to effect nearby cells

48
Q

Similarities in Nervous and Endocrine Systems

A

Secrete norepinephrine, dopamine, and ADH

Systems regulate each other

49
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secretes products into ducts which empty into body cavities or body surface
Extracellular effects
Sweat, oil, mucous, and digestive glands

50
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secrete products into bloodstream
Intracellular effects
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal

51
Q

Anterior and Posterior Pituitary Glands

A

Posterior pituitary gland develops from hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary gland develops from the roof of the mouth

52
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Master of the endocrine system

53
Q

Anatomy of Pituitary Gland

A

Anterior lobe: adenohypophysis

Posterior lobe: neurohypophysis

54
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Releases oxytocin and ADH

55
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

Releases follicle stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormone

56
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Target other endocrine glands

  1. Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. ACTH
57
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Secreted by somatotropes of anterior pituitary
Promotes tissue growth by affecting mitosis
Indirectly stimulates liver to produce insulin growth factor

58
Q

Actions of GH

A

Protein synthesis
Lipid metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Electrolyte balance

59
Q

Protein Synthesis of GH

A

Translates mRNA into proteins

Increases amino acids into the cell to support protein synthesis

60
Q

Lipid Metabolism of GH

A

Supports energy needs

Protein-sparing effect

61
Q

Carbohydrate Metabolism of GH

A

Glucose-sparing effect by mobilizing fatty acids, reducing dependence on glucose to avoid competition with the brain
Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver

62
Q

Electrolyte Balance of GH

A

Na, K, Cl retention by kidneys

Increases calcium absorption by the small intestine

63
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Hypothalamus regulates thyrotroph cells
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Thyrotroph cells produce TSH
TSH stimulates synthesis and secretion of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

64
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Gonadotrophic cells release FSH

65
Q

FSH Functions

A

Initiates formation of follicles within the ovary
Stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
Stimulates sperm production in the testes

66
Q

Lutenizing Hormone

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Gonadotrophic cells produce LH
In females, LH stimulates ovulation
In males, LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

67
Q

Prolactin

A

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) prevents prolactin release
Lactotrophic cells produce prolactin
Suckling reduces levels of PIH and prolactin levels rise along with milk production

68
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

A

Regulates response to stress
Corticotrophic cells secrete ACTH and MSH
ACTH stimulates cells of adrenal cortex that produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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