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Anatomy II > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Countercurrent Exchange System

A

Formed by the vasa recta and provide blood supply to the medulla
Does NOT remove NaCl from medulla

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2
Q

Countercurrent Exchange System: Descending Capillaries

A

Water diffuses OUT of blood

NaCl diffuses INTO the blood

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3
Q

Countercurrent Exchange System: Ascending Capillaries

A

Water diffuses INTO the blood

NaCl diffuses OUT of the blood

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4
Q

Production of Concentrated/Dilute Urine

A

Kidneys regulate water loss in urine

ADH controls whether dilute or concentrated urine is formed

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5
Q

Dilute Urine

A

Filtrate and blood have equal osmolarity in PCT
Water is reabsorbed in the thin limb, but ions reabsorbed in the thick limb of the loop of Henle create a dilute filtrate

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6
Q

Concentrated Urine

A

Principal cells and ADH able to remove water from urine
Long loop makes that possible
Na/K/Cl symporters reabsorb Na and Cl from tubular fluid

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7
Q

H20 Reabsorption

A

PCT: 65%
Loop: 25%
DCT: Variable controlled by hormones
Dilute urine: decreases water removes, although sufficient ions have been absorbed

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8
Q

Aldosterone

A

Target: distal tubule, collecting duct
Effects: promotes Na+ and K+ secretion and reduces urine volume

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9
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Target: afferent and efferent arterioles
Effects: constricts arterioles, reduces GFR, stimulates ADH and aldosterone secretion, promotes water intake and reduces urine volume

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10
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Target: collecting duct
Effects: promotes H20 reabsorption, reduces urine volume, increases concentration

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11
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A

Target: afferent and efferent arterioles, collecting duct
Effects: dilates afferent arteriole, constricts efferent arteriole, increases GFR, inhibits secretion of renin, ADH, and aldosterone, inhibits NaCl reabsorption by collecting duct, increases urine volume

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12
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

Target: juxtaglomerular apparatus, afferent arteriole
Effects: induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arteriole, reduces GFR and glomerular fluid

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13
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Target: proximal and distal tubules, nephron loop
Effects: promotes Ca+ reabsorption by loop and distal tubule and Mg+ reabsorption by proximal tubule, inhibits phosphate reabsorption by proximal tubule, promotes calcitrol synthesis

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14
Q

Diuretics

A

Substances that slow renal reabsorption of water and causes diuresis (increased urine flow rate)
Used for treatment of congestive heart failure and hypertension

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15
Q

With hyperglycemia and glycosuria…

A

Diabetes mellitus I and II

Gestational diabetes

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16
Q

With glycosuria but no hyperglycemia…

A

Renal diabetes

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17
Q

With no hyperglycemia or glycosuria…

A

Diabetes, ADH hyposecretion

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18
Q

Urinalysis

A

Analysis of the volume and properties of urine
Normal urine is protein-free but includes filtered and secreted electrolytes (urea, creatinine, uric acid, urobilinogen, fatty acids, enzymes, and hormones)

19
Q

Blood Tests

A

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures urea in the blood

20
Q

Plasma Creatinine

A

Skeletal muscle breakdown

21
Q

Dialysis Therapy

A

Kidney function is so impaired the blood must be cleansed artificially
Separation of large solutes from smaller ones by a selectively permeable membrane

22
Q

Histology of Ureters

A

Mucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia

23
Q

Mucosa

A

Transitional epithelium and lamina propria
Has elastic properties, since organ must inflate and deflate
Mucus prevents cells from being contacted by urine

24
Q

Muscularis

A

Inner longitudinal and outer circular smooth muscle layer

Peristalsis contributes to urine flow

25
Q

Adventitia Layer

A

Loose connective tissue anchors in place

Contains lymphatics and blood vessels to supply ureter

26
Q

Location of Urinary Bladder

A

Posterior to pubic symphysis

27
Q

Anatomy of Urinary Bladder

A

Hollow, distensible muscular organ with the capacity of 700-800mL in females and 1200mL in men
2 ureteral openings and 1 urethral opening

28
Q

Which loop is permeable to water?

A

Descending loop

29
Q

Where is urine concentrated?

A

Collecting duct

30
Q

What hormone increases the permeability of the collecting duct?

A

ADH

Inserts aquaporins

31
Q

Micturation

A
  1. 200mL urine in bladder, stretch receptors send signal to the spinal cord (S2 and S3)
  2. Parasympathetic reflex arc from spinal cord, stimulates contraction of detrusor muscle
  3. Relaxation of internal urethral sphincter
  4. This reflex predominates in infants
32
Q

Voluntary Control of Micturation

A
  1. Micturition center in pons receives stretch signals and integrates cortical input (voluntary control)
  2. Sends signal for stimulation of detrusor and relaxes internal urethral sphincter
  3. To delay urination impulses sent through pudendal nerve to external urethral sphincter keep it contracted until you wish to urinate
  4. Valsalva maneuver aids in expulsion of urine by increased pressure on bladder
33
Q

Incontinence

A

Lack of voluntary control over micturation

34
Q

Total Body Water

A

45%

35
Q

Fluid Compartments

A 
65% intracellular fluid
35% extracellular fluid
25% interstitial fluid
8% blood plasma and lymph
2% transcellular fluid
36
Q

Water Gain and Loss

A

About 2,500 mL/day

37
Q

Regulation of Intake

A 
Dehydration
Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
Thirst
Ingestion of water
Rehydration
38
Q

Dehydration

A 
Increased blood osmolarity
Hypothalamus inhibits salivary glands
Stimulates osmoreceptors (Angiotensin II and ADH)
39
Q

Regulation of Output

A

Most mechanisms adjust Na+

ADH does NOT involve Na+ reabsorption, is inserts aquaporins into the collecting duct

40
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Na+ and H2O lost

Osmolarity does not change

41
Q

Electrolyte Balance

A

Maintenance is important to contribute to membrane potential and osmolarity of body fluids

42
Q

Sodium

A

Responsible for resting membrane potential
Principal cation in ECF
Most important solute for determining water distribution

43
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Hypertension, edema

> 145

44
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Usually the result of excess water, sweat and replace with plain water
< 130

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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