Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy II > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Physical breakdown of food into smaller particles

Teeth and churning action of stomach and intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Series of hydrolysis reactions that break macromolecules into their monomers

Enzymes from saliva, stomach, pancreas, and intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Results of Chemical Digestion

A

Polysaccharides into monosaccharides
Proteins into amino acids
Fats into glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which buffer system uses HPO4 to buffer secreted acid in the kidney?

A

The Phosphate Buffer System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is responsible for the detection of blood osmolarity?

A

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does not elicit the release of aldosterone?

A

ADH

Does not have anything to do with sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Subdivisions of the Digestive System

A

Digestive tract and accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Digestive Tract

A

16 foot long tube extending from the mouth to anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Aid in digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal

Teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Layers of the GI Tract

A
  1. Mucosal layer
  2. Submucosal layer
  3. Muscularis layer
  4. Serosa layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mucosa

A

Inner lining

Stratified squamous epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

In mouth, esophagus, and anus

Tough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A 
Secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients
Specialized cells (goblet cells) secrete mucous onto cell surface
Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones controlling organ function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lamina Propria

A

Thin layer of loose connective tissue

Contains blood vessels and lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscularis Mucosae

A

Thin layer of smooth muscle
Causes folds to form in mucosal layer
Increases local movements increasing absorption with exposure to “new” nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Submucosa

A

Loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, glands, and lymphatic tissue
Meissner’s Plexus: parasympathetic, causes vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Muscularis

A

Skeletal muscle for voluntary control in mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus, and anus
Smooth muscle for mixing, crushing, and propelling food by peristalsis
Auerbach’s Plexus for sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of smooth muscle layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Serosa

A

Serous membrane
Covers all organs and walls of cavities not open to the outside of the body
Secretes slippery fluid
Consists of connective tissue covered with simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Peritoneum

A

Visceral layer covers organs

Parietal layer lines the walls of the body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Prevents organs from moving around
Hangs down from the stomach
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mesocolon

A

Connects intestines together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Connects stomach to liver

“Beer belly”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lips and Cheeks

A

Contain buccinator muscle that keeps food between upper and lower teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Oral Cavity Proper

A

Hard palate, soft palate, and uvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tongue

A

Responsible for moving food

Attached to hyoid, mandible, hard palate, and styloid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tooth Structure

A
  1. Crown
  2. Neck
  3. Roots
  4. Pulp cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Composition of Teeth

A

Enamel
Dentin
Cementum

28
Q

Enamel

A

Hardest substance in the body

Calcium phosphate or carbonate

29
Q

Dentin

A

Calcified connective tissue

30
Q

Cementum

A

Bone-like

Periodontal ligament penetrates it

31
Q

Saliva

A

Moistens, dissolves food for taste, begins starch and fat digestion, cleanses teeth, inhibits bacteria, and binds food together into bolus

32
Q

Amylase

A

Begins starch digestion

33
Q

Lingual Lipase

A

Digests fat after it reaches the stomach

34
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that kills bacteria

35
Q

Immunoglobin A

A

Inhibits bacterial growth

36
Q

Electrolytes

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, phosphate, and bicarbonate

37
Q

Salivation

A

Salivary nuclei in the medulla oblongata and pons

Parasympathetic function

38
Q

Mumps

A

Myxovirus that attacks the parotid gland

39
Q

Pharynx

A

Funnel-shaped tube extending from internal nares to the esophagus (posteriorly) and the larynx (anteriorly)

40
Q

Esophagus

A

Collapsed muscular tube

41
Q

Histology of the Esophagus

A

Mucosa: stratified squamous
Submucosa: large mucous glands
Muscularis: upper 1/3 is skeletal, middle is mixed, lower 1/3 is smooth
Adventitia: connective tissue blending with surrounding connective tissue (no peritoneum)

42
Q

Swallowing

A

Upper sphincter relaxes when larynx is lifted
Peristalsis pushes food down
Lower sphincter relaxes as food approaches

43
Q

Swallowing: Oral Phase

A

Voluntary
Bolus formed in the mouth
Oropharynx–>Laryngopharynx

44
Q

Pharyngeal Phase

A

Involuntary
Tongue and soft palate block food and drink
Esophagus widens

45
Q

Esophageal Phase

A

Peristalsis
Brain swallowing center + myenteric plexus in esophageal wall
Muscle above bolus constricts

46
Q

Anatomy of Stomach

A

Left side of stomach

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus

47
Q

Pylorospasm

A

Muscle fibers of sphincter fail to relax, trapping food in the stomach
Vomiting occurs to relieve pressure

48
Q

Pyloric Stenosis

A

Narrowing of sphincter indicated by projectile vomiting

Must be corrected surgically

49
Q

Stomach Mucous Cell

A

Secretes mucous

Cardiac, pyloric glands

50
Q

Stomach Regenerative Cells

A

Base of gastric pits
Divide rapidly
New cells migrate upward

51
Q

Stomach Parietal Cells

A

Secrete HCl, intrinsic factor, ghrelin

Found mostly in gastric glands

52
Q

Stomach Chief Cells

A

Most numerous
Secrete gastric lipase, pepsinogen
Lower 1/2 of gastric glands

53
Q

Stomach Enteroendocrine Cells

A

Found in the lower end of the gland
Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers
At least 8 different kinds

54
Q

Stomach Muscularis

A

Longitudinal, Circular, and Inner Oblique

55
Q

Stomach Mechanical Digestion

A

Gentle mixing waves
More vigorous waves from body to pyloric region
Intense waves near the pylorus

56
Q

Stomach Chemical Digestion

A

Protein digestion begins as HCl denatures protein, transforms pepsinogen into pepsin
Fat digestion continues as gastric lipase splits triglycerides in milk fat

57
Q

Regulation of Gastric Secretion and Motility

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
58
Q

Cephalic Phase

A

Gets the stomach ready
Cerebral cortex stimulates parasympathetic nervous system
Vagus nerve increases stomach muscle and glandular activity

59
Q

Gastric Phase

A

“Stomach Working”
Nervous control keeps stomach active
Endocrine system influences stomach activity

60
Q

GI Reflexes

A

Short Reflex: reflex arc where stimulus, integration, and effector are all located in the GI system
Long Reflex: reflex arc where integration occurs in the brain or spinal cord; vasovagal reflex

61
Q

Functions of Hydrochloric Acid

A
  1. Activates enzymes pepsin and lingual lipase
  2. Breaks up connective tissues and plant cell walls
  3. Converts ingested ferric ions to ferrous ions that can be used for hemoglobin
  4. Destroys ingested bacteria and pathogens
62
Q

Intrinsic Factor (Parietal Cells)

A

Essential for absorption of B12 by small intestine

Necessary for RBC production (pernicious anemia)

63
Q

Pepsin (Chief Cell)

A

Secreted as pepsinogen

HCl converts it to pepsin, which activates more pepsinogen

64
Q

Gastric Lipase (Chief Cell)

A

Gastric lipase + lingual lipase digests 10-15% of dietary fat
Remainder in the small intestine

65
Q

Intestinal Phase

A

Gastric activity INCREASES
Enterogastric reflex=duodenum INHIBITING stomach
Chyme stimulates duodenal cells to release SECRETIN, CCK, and GASTRIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE to SUPPRESS gastric secretion and motility

Anatomy II (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions