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Anatomy II > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Flow is governed by…

A

Pressure and resistance

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2
Q

Pressure

A

Moves fluid

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3
Q

Resistance

A

Opposes movement

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4
Q

By pulling back a syringe…

A

We increase the volume and decrease the pressure

The pressure outside the syringe is greater than the inside, so air moves in

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5
Q

By pushing on a syringe…

A

We decrease the volume and increase the pressure

The pressure outside the syringe is less than the inside, so air moves out

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6
Q

Heart Sounds

A

S1 and S2

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7
Q

S1

A

Closure of the AV valves

“Lub”

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8
Q

S2

A

Closure of the semilunar valves

“Dub”

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9
Q

Valvular Regurgitation

A

A condition in which blood leaks in the wrong direction because one or more heart valves closes improperly
Mitral valve prolapse is a common cause

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10
Q

Events of Ventricular Systole

A 
Ventricular contraction
Atrial relaxation (filling)
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11
Q

Events of Ventricular Diastole

A 
Ventricular relaxation (filling)
Atrial diastole continues throughout most of diastole
Atrial systole (ejection into ventricles) occurs near the end of diastole
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12
Q

End Diastolic Volume

A

Volume in each ventricle at the end of diastole (120-130mL)

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13
Q

End Systolic Volume

A

Volume remaining after systole (50-60mL)

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14
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Volume ejected per beat (EDV-ESV)

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15
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Blood at beginning of systole ejected during systole
(EF=SV/EDV)
Lower EF indicated you are not pumping as much blood per beat, so therefore not as much blood to tissues

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16
Q

Ventricular Diastole (Passive Filling)

A

30mL

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17
Q

Atrial Systole

A

40mL

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18
Q

Stroke Volume

A

-70mL

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19
Q

EF

A

0.53mL

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20
Q

Necessity of Balanced Ventricular Output

A
  1. Right ventricular output exceeds left ventricular output
  2. Pressure backs up
  3. Fluid accumulates in pulmonary tissues
  4. Left ventricular output exceeds right ventricular output
  5. Pressure backs up
  6. Fluid accumulates in systemic tissue
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21
Q

Nerve Supply to the Heart

A

Autonomous: Intrinsic Rate
Receives additional input from the CNS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic input

22
Q

Autonomic Regulation

A

Sympathetic stimulation to the heart originates in the lower cervical to upper thoracic spinal cord
Speeds up the heart and increases blood flow and ventricular output

23
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation

A

Originates in the nuclei of the vagus nerve in the medulla oblongata
Vagus nerve innervates SA and AV nodes
Slows the heart

24
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Amount of blood pumped per beat per minute

Affected by stroke volume and heart rate (HR increases CO the most)

25
Cardiac Reserve
Difference between maximum output and output at rest
26
Three Factors that Affect Stroke Volume
Preload Contractility Afterload
27
Preload
Starling's Law of the Heart Amount of tension on ventricular myocardium before it contracts Increased Preload=Increased Contraction Strength
28
Starling's Law of the Heart
Ventricles eject as much blood as they receive | The more they are stretched, the harder they contract
29
Contractility
Contraction force for a given preload | Increased interaction affects stroke volume
30
Positive Inotropes
Increase contractility
31
Negative Inotropes
Decrease contractility
32
Afterload
The pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open The force the ventricle is pumping against Increased afterload increases contractility Chronic increase in afterload results in hypertrophy
33
Stroke Volume vs. Preload
``` Increased SV=Increased Preload Decreased SV=Decreased Preload Increased SV=Increased Contractility Decreased SV=Decreased Contractility Increased SV=Decreased Afterload Decreased SV=Increased Afterload ```
34
Sympathetic Stimulation
Increases HR, contractility, and stroke volume | Tachycardia
35
Parasympathetic Stimulation
Decreases HR Bradycardia Vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the heart
36
Coronary Artery Disease
Heart muscle receives insufficient blood supply due to the narrowing of vessels
37
Angina Pectoris
Heart pain from oxygen deprivation of cardiac muscle
38
Myocardial Infarction
Dead of area of heart muscle from lack of oxygen | Replaced by scar tissue
39
Circulatory Route
Heart--Aorta--Arteries--Arterioles--Capillaries--Venules--Veins--Vena Cava--Heart
40
Arteries
Carry blood from heart to capillaries in all tissues
41
Capillaries
Have thin walls to allow diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and fluid
42
Veins
Bring blood from tissues back to heart
43
Arteries
Conducting arteries are the largest Pulmonary, aorta, common carotid All near the heart "Main highway"
44
Medium Vessels
"Exit ramps" | Lots of smooth muscle
45
Distributing Arteries
Distribute blood to specific organs
46
Arterioles
Small arteries delivering blood to capillaries | Metarterioles form branches into capillary beds
47
Small Vessels
Resistance vessels | "Neighborhood"
48
Capillaries
Connect arterioles to venules Sole source of exchange Found near every cell in the body buy more extensive in highly active tissue (muscles, liver, kidneys, and brain)
49
Continuous Capillaries
Intercellular clefts are gaps between neighboring cells Skeletal and smooth, connective tissue and lungs 4nm Glucose, ions, amino acids
50
Fenestrated Capillaries
Plasma membranes have many holes Kidneys, small intestine, choroid plexuses, ciliary process, and endocrine glands 20-100nm H2O, retains proteins
51
Sinusoids
``` Very large fenestrations Incomplete basement membrane Liver, bone marrow, spleen, anterior pituitary, and parathyroid gland 30-40um How clotting factors enter circulation ```

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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