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Anatomy II > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Flow is governed by…

A

Pressure and resistance

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2
Q

Pressure

A

Moves fluid

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3
Q

Resistance

A

Opposes movement

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4
Q

By pulling back a syringe…

A

We increase the volume and decrease the pressure

The pressure outside the syringe is greater than the inside, so air moves in

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5
Q

By pushing on a syringe…

A

We decrease the volume and increase the pressure

The pressure outside the syringe is less than the inside, so air moves out

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6
Q

Heart Sounds

A

S1 and S2

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7
Q

S1

A

Closure of the AV valves

“Lub”

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8
Q

S2

A

Closure of the semilunar valves

“Dub”

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9
Q

Valvular Regurgitation

A

A condition in which blood leaks in the wrong direction because one or more heart valves closes improperly
Mitral valve prolapse is a common cause

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10
Q

Events of Ventricular Systole

A 
Ventricular contraction
Atrial relaxation (filling)
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11
Q

Events of Ventricular Diastole

A 
Ventricular relaxation (filling)
Atrial diastole continues throughout most of diastole
Atrial systole (ejection into ventricles) occurs near the end of diastole
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12
Q

End Diastolic Volume

A

Volume in each ventricle at the end of diastole (120-130mL)

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13
Q

End Systolic Volume

A

Volume remaining after systole (50-60mL)

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14
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Volume ejected per beat (EDV-ESV)

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15
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Blood at beginning of systole ejected during systole
(EF=SV/EDV)
Lower EF indicated you are not pumping as much blood per beat, so therefore not as much blood to tissues

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16
Q

Ventricular Diastole (Passive Filling)

A

30mL

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17
Q

Atrial Systole

A

40mL

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18
Q

Stroke Volume

A

-70mL

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19
Q

EF

A

0.53mL

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20
Q

Necessity of Balanced Ventricular Output

A
  1. Right ventricular output exceeds left ventricular output
  2. Pressure backs up
  3. Fluid accumulates in pulmonary tissues
  4. Left ventricular output exceeds right ventricular output
  5. Pressure backs up
  6. Fluid accumulates in systemic tissue
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21
Q

Nerve Supply to the Heart

A

Autonomous: Intrinsic Rate
Receives additional input from the CNS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic input

22
Q

Autonomic Regulation

A

Sympathetic stimulation to the heart originates in the lower cervical to upper thoracic spinal cord
Speeds up the heart and increases blood flow and ventricular output

23
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation

A

Originates in the nuclei of the vagus nerve in the medulla oblongata
Vagus nerve innervates SA and AV nodes
Slows the heart

24
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Amount of blood pumped per beat per minute

Affected by stroke volume and heart rate (HR increases CO the most)

25
Q

Cardiac Reserve

A

Difference between maximum output and output at rest

26
Q

Three Factors that Affect Stroke Volume

A

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

27
Q

Preload

A

Starling’s Law of the Heart
Amount of tension on ventricular myocardium before it contracts
Increased Preload=Increased Contraction Strength

28
Q

Starling’s Law of the Heart

A

Ventricles eject as much blood as they receive

The more they are stretched, the harder they contract

29
Q

Contractility

A

Contraction force for a given preload

Increased interaction affects stroke volume

30
Q

Positive Inotropes

A

Increase contractility

31
Q

Negative Inotropes

A

Decrease contractility

32
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open
The force the ventricle is pumping against
Increased afterload increases contractility
Chronic increase in afterload results in hypertrophy

33
Q

Stroke Volume vs. Preload

A 
Increased SV=Increased Preload
Decreased SV=Decreased Preload
Increased SV=Increased Contractility
Decreased SV=Decreased Contractility
Increased SV=Decreased Afterload
Decreased SV=Increased Afterload
34
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation

A

Increases HR, contractility, and stroke volume

Tachycardia

35
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation

A

Decreases HR
Bradycardia
Vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the heart

36
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Heart muscle receives insufficient blood supply due to the narrowing of vessels

37
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Heart pain from oxygen deprivation of cardiac muscle

38
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Dead of area of heart muscle from lack of oxygen

Replaced by scar tissue

39
Q

Circulatory Route

A

Heart–Aorta–Arteries–Arterioles–Capillaries–Venules–Veins–Vena Cava–Heart

40
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood from heart to capillaries in all tissues

41
Q

Capillaries

A

Have thin walls to allow diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and fluid

42
Q

Veins

A

Bring blood from tissues back to heart

43
Q

Arteries

A

Conducting arteries are the largest
Pulmonary, aorta, common carotid
All near the heart
“Main highway”

44
Q

Medium Vessels

A

“Exit ramps”

Lots of smooth muscle

45
Q

Distributing Arteries

A

Distribute blood to specific organs

46
Q

Arterioles

A

Small arteries delivering blood to capillaries

Metarterioles form branches into capillary beds

47
Q

Small Vessels

A

Resistance vessels

“Neighborhood”

48
Q

Capillaries

A

Connect arterioles to venules
Sole source of exchange
Found near every cell in the body buy more extensive in highly active tissue (muscles, liver, kidneys, and brain)

49
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

Intercellular clefts are gaps between neighboring cells
Skeletal and smooth, connective tissue and lungs
4nm
Glucose, ions, amino acids

50
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Plasma membranes have many holes
Kidneys, small intestine, choroid plexuses, ciliary process, and endocrine glands
20-100nm
H2O, retains proteins

51
Q

Sinusoids

A 
Very large fenestrations
Incomplete basement membrane
Liver, bone marrow, spleen, anterior pituitary, and parathyroid gland
30-40um
How clotting factors enter circulation

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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