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Anatomy II > Need to Work on for Test > Flashcards

Need to Work on for Test Flashcards

1
Q

Intravascular Clotting

A

Thrombosis and Embolism

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2
Q

Three Hemostatic Mechanisms

A

Platelet Plug
Vasoconstriction
Blood clotting

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3
Q

Second Stage of Clotting

A

Prothrombin + Prothrombin Activator = Thrombin

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4
Q

Fourth Stage of Clotting

A

Fibrin + Factor XIII = Fibrin Polymer

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5
Q

Thrombosis

A

Formation of a clot in an unbroken blood vessel

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6
Q

Rh Plasma

A

Does not contain anti-Rh unless exposed as a fetus

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7
Q

Platelets/Thrombocytes

A

Aid in clotting
130,000-400,000
2nd most abundant

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8
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular portion

Contracts in a spiral motion

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9
Q

Neutrophils

A 
Most abundant (60-70%)
Increase during bacterial infections
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10
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

CT membrane

Outer layer

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11
Q

Intrinsic

A

Factor VII activates Factor X

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12
Q

Eosinophils

A

2-4%

Increase during parasitic infections

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13
Q

Extrinsic

A

Factor III + Factor VII + Ca++ = Factor X

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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

25-33%

B Cells and T Cells

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15
Q

Basophils

A

0.5%

Release heparin and histamine

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16
Q

Monocytes

A

3-8%
Antigen-presenting cells
Macrophages
Increase in viral infections and inflammation

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17
Q

Myeloid Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes

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18
Q

Three Features of Intercalated Discs

A

Interdigitating folds
Mechanical junctions
Electrical junctions

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19
Q

Premature Ventricular Contraction

A

QRS inverted

Common in college students

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20
Q

Action Potential of Ventricular Cardiocyte

A 
Na channels open
Na depolarizes membrane
Na closes and voltage peaks at 30mV
Ca enters and causes a plateau
Ca closes and K repolarizes
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21
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A

Anterior Interventricular Artery

Circumflex Artery

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22
Q

Pacemaker Physiology

A

Slow leak Na enters
Ca opens at -40mV
K channels open at 0mV
Repeat once polarization is complete

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23
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A

Posterior Interventricular Artery

Marginal Artery

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24
Q

Myocardial vs. Skeletal

A

Skeletal: voluntary, excitation coupling
Myocardial: involuntary, SA node

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25
Heart Block
Conduction is weak through AV bundle
26
Similarities Between Myocardial and Skeletal
Striated Z-discs Tropomyosin and troponin
27
Conduction System of the Heart
``` SA node fires Excitation through atrial myocardium AV node fires Excitation travels down AV bundle Purkinje fibers distribute ```
28
Electrical Activity
Atria depolarize (P) Depolarization complete Ventricles depolarize while atria repolarize (QR) Ventricular depolarization is complete (S) Ventricles repolarize (T) Repolarization ocmplete
29
Structure of Cardiac Muscle
Cardiocytes Intercalated discs T-tubules Fatty acids as fuel, glucose at rest
30
Intercalated Discs
Join all cardiac cells
31
Atrial Fibrillation
Atria quiver | Common in elderly
32
Ventricular Fibrillation
Heart cannot pump Irregular waves of depolarization Most serious
33
Parasympathetic
Decreases HR | Bradycardia
34
Ventricular Diastole (value)
30mL
35
Nerve Supply to Heart
Autonomous: Intrinsic Rate Sympathetic and parasympathetic Additional input from CNS
36
Conducting Arteries
Largest | Main highways
37
Cardiac Reserve
Difference between maximum output and output at rest
38
Distributing Arteries
Distribute blood to specific organs
39
Continuous Capillaries
Intercellular Clefts | Allow glucose, ions, and amino acids
40
Small Vessels
Resistance vessels | Neighborhoods
41
Fenestrated Capillaries
Holes to allow passage of H2O, retains proteins
42
Sinusoids
Many fenestrations | Allow clotting factors to enter circulation
43
Autonomic Regulation
Sympathetic originates in cervical--thoracic | Speeds up heart
44
Parasympathetic
Originates in vagus nerve in medulla oblongata | Slows the heart
45
Ventricular Diastole
Ventricular filling Atrial filling Atrial systole
46
Stroke Volume
Volume ejected per beat | EDV-ESV
47
End Systolic Volume (value)
50-60mL
48
Ejection Fraction
Blood at beginning of systole ejected during systole | SV/EDV
49
Atrial Systole (value)
40mL
50
Afterload
Pressure that must be overcome in order to open semilunar valves
51
Stroke Volume (value)
70mL
52
Veins
Lower BP Reservoirs for blood Accommodate increased volume
53
Venous Sinuses
No smooth muscle
54
Varicose Veins
Caused by leaky venous valves | Pooling of blood
55
Portal System
Blood flows to two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart
56
Venous Anastomosis
Most common blockage Less serious Alternative drainage of organs
57
Arterial Anastomosis
Collateral circulation (coronary)
58
Venous Constriction
Constriction of veins during muscular activity or hemorrhage | Increased venoconstriction = increased preload, stroke volume, and cardiac output
59
Capillary Exchange
Only occurs across capillary walls between blood and surrounding tissues
60
Three Routes of Capillary Exchange
Intercellular clefts Fenestrations Through cytoplasm
61
Mechanisms Involved in Capillary Exchange
Diffusion Transcytosis Filtration and reabsorption
62
Filtration
BP drives fluid out of capillary | High on arterial side, low on venous side
63
Reabsorption
Colloid osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillary Same on both ends Results from plasma proteins
64
Oncotic Pressure
Net colloid osmotic pressure
65
Dynamics of Capillary Exchange
Provides tissue with nutrients
66
Net Filtration
20L/day at arterial end
67
Net Reabsorption
17L/day at venous end
68
Starling's Law of Capillaries
Volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed is almost as large as the volume filtered
69
Net Filtration Pressure
Determines whether fluids leave or enter capillaries
70
Net Outward Pressure
10mmHg at arterial end
71
Net Inward Pressure
9mmHg at venous end
72
Edema
Buildup of fluid | Not noticeable until 30% above normal
73
Result of Excess Filtration
Increased BP and increased permeability of capillaries allow plasma proteins to escape
74
Result of Inadequate Reabsorption
Decreased concentration of plasma proteins lowers blood colloid osmotic pressure Inadequate synthesis or loss from liver disease, burns, malnutrition, or kidney disease
75
Causes of Edema
Poor venous return Kidney failure Histamine makes capillaries more permeable Obstructed lymphatic drainage
76
Consequences of Edema
Circulatory shock | Tissue necrosis
77
Vasoconstriction
Sympathetic stimulation of arterial alpha receptors | Decreases diameter, increases BP
78
Vasodilation
Sympathetic stimulation of beta receptors | Increases diameter, promotes blood flow
79
Factors Affecting Circulation
Pressure differences that drive blood flow Resistance to flow Venous return
80
Blood Flow
Amount of blood flowing through a vessel at any given time
81
Perfusion
Rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue
82
Flow Equation
Delta P/R
83
Resistance Equation
1/r^4
84
Blood Flow Equation
r^4

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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