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Anatomy II > Need to Work on for Test > Flashcards

Need to Work on for Test Flashcards

1
Q

Intravascular Clotting

A

Thrombosis and Embolism

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2
Q

Three Hemostatic Mechanisms

A

Platelet Plug
Vasoconstriction
Blood clotting

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3
Q

Second Stage of Clotting

A

Prothrombin + Prothrombin Activator = Thrombin

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4
Q

Fourth Stage of Clotting

A

Fibrin + Factor XIII = Fibrin Polymer

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5
Q

Thrombosis

A

Formation of a clot in an unbroken blood vessel

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6
Q

Rh Plasma

A

Does not contain anti-Rh unless exposed as a fetus

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7
Q

Platelets/Thrombocytes

A

Aid in clotting
130,000-400,000
2nd most abundant

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8
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular portion

Contracts in a spiral motion

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9
Q

Neutrophils

A 
Most abundant (60-70%)
Increase during bacterial infections
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10
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

CT membrane

Outer layer

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11
Q

Intrinsic

A

Factor VII activates Factor X

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12
Q

Eosinophils

A

2-4%

Increase during parasitic infections

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13
Q

Extrinsic

A

Factor III + Factor VII + Ca++ = Factor X

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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

25-33%

B Cells and T Cells

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15
Q

Basophils

A

0.5%

Release heparin and histamine

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16
Q

Monocytes

A

3-8%
Antigen-presenting cells
Macrophages
Increase in viral infections and inflammation

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17
Q

Myeloid Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes

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18
Q

Three Features of Intercalated Discs

A

Interdigitating folds
Mechanical junctions
Electrical junctions

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19
Q

Premature Ventricular Contraction

A

QRS inverted

Common in college students

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20
Q

Action Potential of Ventricular Cardiocyte

A 
Na channels open
Na depolarizes membrane
Na closes and voltage peaks at 30mV
Ca enters and causes a plateau
Ca closes and K repolarizes
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21
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A

Anterior Interventricular Artery

Circumflex Artery

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22
Q

Pacemaker Physiology

A

Slow leak Na enters
Ca opens at -40mV
K channels open at 0mV
Repeat once polarization is complete

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23
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A

Posterior Interventricular Artery

Marginal Artery

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24
Q

Myocardial vs. Skeletal

A

Skeletal: voluntary, excitation coupling
Myocardial: involuntary, SA node

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25
Q

Heart Block

A

Conduction is weak through AV bundle

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26
Q

Similarities Between Myocardial and Skeletal

A

Striated
Z-discs
Tropomyosin and troponin

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27
Q

Conduction System of the Heart

A 
SA node fires
Excitation through atrial myocardium
AV node fires
Excitation travels down AV bundle
Purkinje fibers distribute
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28
Q

Electrical Activity

A

Atria depolarize (P)
Depolarization complete
Ventricles depolarize while atria repolarize (QR)
Ventricular depolarization is complete (S)
Ventricles repolarize (T)
Repolarization ocmplete

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29
Q

Structure of Cardiac Muscle

A

Cardiocytes
Intercalated discs
T-tubules
Fatty acids as fuel, glucose at rest

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30
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

Join all cardiac cells

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31
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

Atria quiver

Common in elderly

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32
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

Heart cannot pump
Irregular waves of depolarization
Most serious

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33
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Decreases HR

Bradycardia

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34
Q

Ventricular Diastole (value)

A

30mL

35
Q

Nerve Supply to Heart

A

Autonomous: Intrinsic Rate
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Additional input from CNS

36
Q

Conducting Arteries

A

Largest

Main highways

37
Q

Cardiac Reserve

A

Difference between maximum output and output at rest

38
Q

Distributing Arteries

A

Distribute blood to specific organs

39
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

Intercellular Clefts

Allow glucose, ions, and amino acids

40
Q

Small Vessels

A

Resistance vessels

Neighborhoods

41
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Holes to allow passage of H2O, retains proteins

42
Q

Sinusoids

A

Many fenestrations

Allow clotting factors to enter circulation

43
Q

Autonomic Regulation

A

Sympathetic originates in cervical–thoracic

Speeds up heart

44
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Originates in vagus nerve in medulla oblongata

Slows the heart

45
Q

Ventricular Diastole

A

Ventricular filling
Atrial filling
Atrial systole

46
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Volume ejected per beat

EDV-ESV

47
Q

End Systolic Volume (value)

A

50-60mL

48
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Blood at beginning of systole ejected during systole

SV/EDV

49
Q

Atrial Systole (value)

A

40mL

50
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure that must be overcome in order to open semilunar valves

51
Q

Stroke Volume (value)

A

70mL

52
Q

Veins

A

Lower BP
Reservoirs for blood
Accommodate increased volume

53
Q

Venous Sinuses

A

No smooth muscle

54
Q

Varicose Veins

A

Caused by leaky venous valves

Pooling of blood

55
Q

Portal System

A

Blood flows to two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart

56
Q

Venous Anastomosis

A

Most common blockage
Less serious
Alternative drainage of organs

57
Q

Arterial Anastomosis

A

Collateral circulation (coronary)

58
Q

Venous Constriction

A

Constriction of veins during muscular activity or hemorrhage

Increased venoconstriction = increased preload, stroke volume, and cardiac output

59
Q

Capillary Exchange

A

Only occurs across capillary walls between blood and surrounding tissues

60
Q

Three Routes of Capillary Exchange

A

Intercellular clefts
Fenestrations
Through cytoplasm

61
Q

Mechanisms Involved in Capillary Exchange

A

Diffusion
Transcytosis
Filtration and reabsorption

62
Q

Filtration

A

BP drives fluid out of capillary

High on arterial side, low on venous side

63
Q

Reabsorption

A

Colloid osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillary
Same on both ends
Results from plasma proteins

64
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

Net colloid osmotic pressure

65
Q

Dynamics of Capillary Exchange

A

Provides tissue with nutrients

66
Q

Net Filtration

A

20L/day at arterial end

67
Q

Net Reabsorption

A

17L/day at venous end

68
Q

Starling’s Law of Capillaries

A

Volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed is almost as large as the volume filtered

69
Q

Net Filtration Pressure

A

Determines whether fluids leave or enter capillaries

70
Q

Net Outward Pressure

A

10mmHg at arterial end

71
Q

Net Inward Pressure

A

9mmHg at venous end

72
Q

Edema

A

Buildup of fluid

Not noticeable until 30% above normal

73
Q

Result of Excess Filtration

A

Increased BP and increased permeability of capillaries allow plasma proteins to escape

74
Q

Result of Inadequate Reabsorption

A

Decreased concentration of plasma proteins lowers blood colloid osmotic pressure
Inadequate synthesis or loss from liver disease, burns, malnutrition, or kidney disease

75
Q

Causes of Edema

A

Poor venous return
Kidney failure
Histamine makes capillaries more permeable
Obstructed lymphatic drainage

76
Q

Consequences of Edema

A

Circulatory shock

Tissue necrosis

77
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Sympathetic stimulation of arterial alpha receptors

Decreases diameter, increases BP

78
Q

Vasodilation

A

Sympathetic stimulation of beta receptors

Increases diameter, promotes blood flow

79
Q

Factors Affecting Circulation

A

Pressure differences that drive blood flow
Resistance to flow
Venous return

80
Q

Blood Flow

A

Amount of blood flowing through a vessel at any given time

81
Q

Perfusion

A

Rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue

82
Q

Flow Equation

A

Delta P/R

83
Q

Resistance Equation

A

1/r^4

84
Q

Blood Flow Equation

A

r^4

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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