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Anatomy II > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Kidney

A
  1. Eliminates nitrogenous waste
  2. Regulates blood ionic composition
  3. Regulates blood pH
  4. Regulates blood volume
  5. Releases erythropoietin and calcitriol
  6. Excretes wastes and foreign substances
  7. Detoxifies free radicals and certain drugs
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2
Q

Glomerulus

A

Ball of capillaries in the renal corpuscle

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3
Q

Glomerular Capsule/Bowman’s Capsule

A

Performs the first step in filtration of blood to form urine

Located in the renal corpuscle

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4
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

Beginning of the nephron
Regulates the pH of the filtrate by exchanging hydrogen ions for bicarbonate ions
Secretes creatinine

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5
Q

Descending Loop of Henle/Nephron Loop

A

Thin limb
Low permeability to ions and urea, high permeability to water
Water passes by osmosis from tubule to ECF, leaving NaCl

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6
Q

Ascending Loop of Henle/Nephron Loop

A

Thick and thin segment
Drains urine into the distal convoluted tubule
Has pumps that cotransport Na, K, and Cl into ECF

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7
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

End of the nephron

Responsible for the reabsorption of sodium, water, and secretion of hydrogen potassium

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8
Q

Collecting Duct

A
  1. Consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter
  2. Participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion (regulated by aldosterone)
  3. Concentrates urine
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9
Q

Pathway Flow of Glomerular Filtrate

A
  1. Glomerular capsule (capsular filtrate)
  2. PCT (tubular fluid)
  3. Nephron loop
  4. DCT
  5. Collecting duct
  6. Papillary duct (urine)
  7. Minor calyx
  8. Major calyx
  9. Renal pelvis
  10. Ureter
  11. Urinary bladder
  12. Urethra
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10
Q

Ureters Function and Physiological Valve

A

Drain urine from bladder to urethra

Valve is a fold of bladder mucosa by hydrostatic backpressure that prevents the backflow of urine

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11
Q

Serosa

A

Tissue of a serous membrane

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12
Q

Mucosa

A

Mucous membrane

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13
Q

Bladder Location

A

Muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symphysis

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14
Q

Bladder Mucosa Epithelium

A

Transitional epithelium

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15
Q

Detrusor of Bladder

A

Muscularis that consists of three layers of smooth muscle

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16
Q

Trigone of Bladder

A

Openings of two ureters and urethra from this smooth-surfaced triangular area

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17
Q

3 Urethral Regions for Males

A
  1. Prostatic Urethra
  2. Membranous Urethra
  3. Spongy Urethra
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18
Q

Cystitis

A

Bacterial contamination of the urethra is more common in females because of their shorter urethra and location of orifice

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19
Q

Blood Supply to the Nephron

A

Artery –> Capillary –> Artery –> Capillary –> Vein blood flow

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20
Q

3 Basic Processes by the Nephron

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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21
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

Portion of blood plasma is filtered into the kidney

Capillary exchange

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22
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

Water and useful substances reabsorbed into the blood

Tubule to Blood

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23
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

Wastes are removed from the blood and secreted into the urine

Blood to Tubule

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24
Q

Difference Between Blood and Glomerular Filtrate

A

Blood plasma contains large molecules and protein that are not present in glomerular filtrate

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25
Q

Layers of the Glomerular Filter

A
  1. Fenestrated endothelium
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Filtration slits
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26
Q

Fenestrated Endothelium

A

Highly permeable, but blood cells do not pass through

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27
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Excludes molecules larger than 8nm

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28
Q

Filtration Slits

A

Numerous extensions known as pedicels

Large anions cannot pass

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29
Q

Podocytes

A

Cells that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus

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30
Q

What substances are allowed/not allowed to pass through the glomerular membrane?

A

Pass: urea, glucose, insulin

Do not pass: albumin and hemoglobin

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31
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

10.5-12.5 mL/min

180 L/day

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32
Q

Reabsorption

A

Process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood
Occurs until the plasma level reaches a specific concentration known as the renal threshold

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33
Q

What substances are reabsorbed in tubular reabsorption?

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Water
  3. Glucose/amino acids
  4. Potassium
  5. Urea
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34
Q

Where does reabsorption take place?

A

In the glomerulus

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35
Q

Where is the majority of glomerular fluid reabsorbed?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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36
Q

Where is reabsorption a non-hormone-dependent process?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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37
Q

In what part is reabsorption regulated by hormones?

A

Collecting duct

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38
Q

What is the “transport maximum”/”renal threshold”?

A

Concentration of a substance dissolved in the blood above which the kidneys begin to remove it into the urine

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39
Q

Location of Countercurrent Mechanism

A

Nephron loop

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40
Q

What substances are reabsorbed through the descending nephron loop and ascending nephron loop?

A

Descending: water
Ascending: sodium, potassium, and chlorine

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41
Q

How is the reabsorption related to osmolarity of the interstitial fluid of the medulla?

A

Descending: raises osmolarity
Ascending: lowers osmolarity

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42
Q

What creates high osmolarity of the medullary interstitial fluid?

A

Water leaves descending limb through osmosis and leaves NaCl behind

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43
Q

What substances are secreted into glomerular filtrate?

A
  1. Potassium
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Ammonium
  4. Creatinine
  5. Urea
  6. Some hormones and drugs
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44
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System Formula

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3 + H+

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45
Q

How can the nephrons affect body pH?

A

Proximal tubule regulates pH by exchanging H+ for bicarbonate until a state of acid/alkaline base is attained

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46
Q

Normal Components of Urine

A
  1. Urea
  2. Chloride
  3. Sodium
  4. Potassium
  5. Creatinine
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47
Q

Causes of Glycosuria

A

Elevated blood glucose levels

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48
Q

Causes of Proteinuria

A

Caused by kidney disease that can allow proteins such as albumin to leak

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49
Q

Causes of Hematuria

A

UTIs can cause blood cells to leak into the urine

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50
Q

Causes of Pyuria

A

White blood cells can be found in the blood during infections

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51
Q

Causes of Ketouria

A

Metabolic abnormalities, dietary conditions

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52
Q

Causes of Bacteriuria

A

Bacteria in the urine can be caused by UTIs

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53
Q

Stimulus for Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Dehydration, loss of blood volume, and rising blood osmolarity stimulate arterial baroreceptors and hypothalamic osmoreceptors to stimulate the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH

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54
Q

Mechanism for Antidiuretic Hormone

A

ADH makes the collecting duct more permeable to water, so water reenters the blood and tissues instead of the urine

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55
Q

Stimulus for Aldosterone

A

Salt-retaining hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex when blood sodium concentration falls or potassium concentration rises

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56
Q

Mechanism for Aldosterone

A

Acts on the thick segment of the ascending loop, DCT, and cortical portion of the collecting duct to stimulate the segments to reabsorb Na and secrete K
Water and Cl follow Na

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57
Q

Stimulus for Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A

Secreted by the heart in response to high blood pressure

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58
Q

Mechanism for Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A
  1. Dilates afferent arteriole and constricts efferent arteriole to increase the GFR
  2. Antagonizes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism by inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion
  3. Inhibits secretion of ADH
  4. Inhibits NaCl reabsorption
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59
Q

Stimulus for Renin

A

Drop in blood pressure stimulates the release of renin

Secreted from the juxtaglomerular kidney cells, stimulated by the macula densa

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60
Q

Mechanism for Renin

A

Restores perfusion pressure in the kidneys

Combines with angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I

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61
Q

Stimulus for Angiotensin

A

Stimulated by renin and low blood pressure

Causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure

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62
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Produced in the kidney

Stimulated by drop in O2 pressure

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63
Q

Dilute Urine Mechanism

A

Water reabsorbed in the thin limb, ions reabsorbed in the thick limb

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64
Q

Osmolarity of Dilute Urine

A

Low

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65
Q

Specific Gravity of Dilute Urine

A

High

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66
Q

Concentrated Urine Mechanism

A

Principal cells and ADH can remove water from the urine if interstitial fluid has a high osmolarity
Cells in the collecting duct reabsorb more water and urea when ADH is increased

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67
Q

Osmolarity of Concentrated Urine

A

Low

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68
Q

Specific Gravity of Concentrated Urine

A

Low

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69
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

A

Involved in the regulation of plasma sodium concentration and arterial blood pressure
Ultimately want to raise blood pressure

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70
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Prevent the body from creating angiotensin II and relaxes blood vessels and reduces the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys

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71
Q

Diuretic Effects

A

Help your body get rid of unneeded water and salt by increasing the amount of salt and water that comes through the urine

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72
Q

Diuretic Uses

A

Used for high blood pressure, heart failure, kidney and liver problems, and glaucoma

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73
Q

Fluid Compartments (%)

A

65% ICF

35% ECF

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74
Q

Categories of ECF

A

25% interstitial fluid
8% blood plasma and lymph
2% transcellular fluid

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75
Q

Sources of Water

A

Metabolic and Preformed

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76
Q

Metabolic Water Production Formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

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77
Q

Gains of Water in a Day

A

700 mL/day in food

1600 mL/day in drink

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78
Q

Losses of Water in a Day

A 
1500 mL/day as urine
200 mL/day as feces
300 mL/day as expired breath
100 mL/day as sweat
400 mL/day as cutaneous transpiration
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79
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Occurs when proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost without replacement

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80
Q

Dehydration

A

Occurs when the body eliminates significantly more water than sodium

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81
Q

Fluid Excess

A

Both sodium and water are retained and the ECF remains isotonic

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82
Q

Fluid Sequestration

A

A condition in which excess fluid accumulates in a particular location

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83
Q

Electrolyte Concentration in the Blood

A

Chlorine and sodium are very abundant

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84
Q

Electrolyte Concentration in ICF

A

Potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus are very abundant

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85
Q

Three Buffering Systems

A
  1. Bicarbonate Buffer System
  2. Phosphate Buffer System
  3. Protein Buffer System
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86
Q

Phosphate Buffer System Equation

A

H2PO4 HPO4^2 + H+

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87
Q

Protein Buffer System Equation

A

COOH —> COO + H+

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88
Q

Protein Buffer System

A

More concentrated than either bicarbonate or phosphate buffers
Amounts for about three-quarters of all chemical buffering in the body fluids

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89
Q

Respiratory Control of pH

A

HCO3 + H+ —> H2CO3 —> CO2 + H2O

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90
Q

How does buffering control pH?

A

Buffers resist changes of pH in the body fluids

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91
Q

How does secretion control pH?

A

Secretion involves decreasing the rate of hydrogen ions secreted into the urine and the rate of bicarbonate ion reabsorption

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92
Q

Insensible Water Loss

A

Water loss due to water that passes through the skin and is lost by evaporation

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93
Q

Sensible Water Loss

A

Urination

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94
Q

Obligatory Water Loss

A

The minimal amount of fluid loss from the body that can occur

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95
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Respiratory failure where the lungs cannot remove enough of the carbon dioxide in the body

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96
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Increased respiration elevates the blood pH beyond the normal range and reduces carbon dioxide levels in the blood

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97
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

When the body produces excessive quantities of acid or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body

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98
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate

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99
Q

Mucosa Cells in the Esophagus

A

Stratified squamous

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100
Q

Mucosa Cells in the GI Tract

A

Simple columnar

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101
Q

What is the muscularis layer composed of?

A

Skeletal and smooth muscle

102
Q

Serosa

A

Serous membrane that covers all organs and walls of cavities not open to the outside of the body

103
Q

Enzymes Produced in the Mouth

A

Amylase
Lingual lipase
Lysozyme
Immunoglobulin A

104
Q

Amylase

A

Starch digestion

105
Q

Lysozyme

A

Kills bacteria

106
Q

Immunoglobulin A

A

Inhibits bacterial growth

107
Q

Components of Saliva

A

Amylase, lingual lipase, mucus, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, electrolytes, water

108
Q

Function of Saliva

A

Moistens, dissolves food for taste, begins starch and fat digestion, cleanses teeth, inhibits bacteria, binds food together in a bolus

109
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation of Salivary Glands

A

Produce less abundant, thicker saliva with more mucus

110
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation of Salivary Glands

A

Abundant, thin saliva rich in enzymes

111
Q

Psychological Stimulus of Saliva

A

Salivation is increased

112
Q

What keeps swallowed food from going up into the nasopharynx?

A

Soft palate

113
Q

Three Steps to Swallowing

A
  1. Oral Phase
  2. Pharyngeal Phase
  3. Esophageal Phase
114
Q

Oral Phase

A

Bolus is formed in the mouth

115
Q

Pharyngeal Phase

A

Tongue and soft palate block food and drink, esophagus widens

116
Q

Esophageal Phase

A

Peristalsis pushes food down, muscle above bolus constricts

117
Q

Three Names for Sphincter at Distal Esophagus

A
  1. Lower esophageal sphincter
  2. Cardiac sphincter
  3. Gastroesophageal sphincter
118
Q

Function of Cardiac Sphincter

A

Serves as a valve that contracts to prevent acid reflux and relaxes to allow food to pass

119
Q

Volume of Gastric Juice Per Day

A

2 quarts per day

120
Q

Mucous Cell

A

Secretes mucus

121
Q

Regenerative Cell

A

Divide rapidly

122
Q

Parietal Cell

A

Secretes HCl, intrinsic factor, and ghrelin

123
Q

Chief Cell

A

Secretes gastric lipase, pepsinogen

124
Q

Enteroendocrine Cell

A

Secretes hormones and paracrine messengers

125
Q

Functions of Hydrochloric Acid

A
  1. Activates pepsin and lingual lipase
  2. Breaks up connective tissues and plant cell walls
  3. Converts ferric ions to ferrous ions
  4. Destroys bacteria and pathogens
126
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A
  1. Essential for the absorption of B12 by the small intestine
  2. Necessary for RBC production
127
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Becomes pepsin when converted by HCl

128
Q

Gastrin

A

Stimulates the secretion of HCl

129
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation on Stomach

A

Peristalsis is reduced

130
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation on Stomach

A

Motility increased; gastric juices secreted

131
Q

Enterogastric Reflex

A

Gastrin release is shut off and inhibits gastric motility and the secretion of HCl

132
Q

CCK

A

Secreted from enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum
Stimulated by the introduction of HCl, amino acids, or fatty acids into the stomach
Stimulates release of bile into the small intestine and the release of enzymes from the pancreas

133
Q

The Reason HCl Does Not Bother Gastric Mucosa:

A
  1. Potassium ions diffuse from parietal cells into the lumen
  2. Active transport pump brings potassium back into the parietal cells
  3. Chloride ions diffuse passively from the cell to the lumen, and their negative charges balance the positive charges of the hydrogen
  4. An exchanger on the opposite face of the parietal cell balances the loss of chloride ions by importing chloride ions from the blood in exchange for bicarbonate
  5. Water reacts with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate
134
Q

Chyme

A

Pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food

135
Q

Three Stages of Gastric Secretion and Motility

A
  1. Cephalic Stage
  2. Gastric Stage
  3. Intestinal Stage
136
Q

Cephalic Stage

A

Getting the stomach ready

  1. Cerebral cortex stimulates parasympathetic nervous system
  2. Vagus nerve increases stomach muscle and glandular activity
137
Q

Gastric Stage

A

Stomach working

  1. Nervous control keeps stomach alive
  2. Endocrine influences over stomach activity
138
Q

Intestinal Stage

A
  1. Intestinal gastrin stimulates the stomach

2. Secretion of CCK and enterogastric reflex inhibit motility

139
Q

Pathway for Bile Secretion

A
  1. Bile capillaries
  2. Common hepatic duct
  3. Common bile duct
  4. Duodenum
140
Q

Purpose of Bile

A
  1. Increases absorption of fats by emulsification and coating the droplets
  2. Route of excretion for bilirubin
141
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

142
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

Secretes products though ducts opening onto an epithelium

143
Q

Endocrine Function of the Pancreas

A

Secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels

144
Q

Exocrine Function of the Pancreas

A

Pancreatic juice produced by acinar cells

145
Q

Components of Pancreatic Juice

A
  1. Zymogens (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase)
  2. Ribonuclease
  3. Deoxyribonuclease
146
Q

Trypsinogen

A

Activated by enterokinase (brush border enzyme)

147
Q

Chymotrypsinogen

A

Activated by trypsin

148
Q

Procarboxypeptidase

A

Activated by trypsin

149
Q

Pancreatic Duct Drains to…

A

Join common bile duct and perforate the duodenum

150
Q

Small Intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

151
Q

Villi

A

Columnar enterocytes
Connected by tight junctions
Main function is absorption

152
Q

Microvilli

A

Known as brush border

Contain enzymes that complete final stages of chemical digestion

153
Q

Circular Folds

A

Contain part of the submucosal layer

Slow the progress of chyme

154
Q

Peristaltic Movement

A

Rhythmic contractions of the longitudinal muscles in the GI tract

155
Q

Segmentation Contractions

A

Contractions of circular muscles in the digestive tract to slow the progression of chyme

156
Q

Lacteals

A

Lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats

157
Q

Enzymes Produced by Intestinal Cells (enteric)

A

Maltase
Lactase
Sucrase
Erepsin

158
Q

CCK Role in Pancreatic Secretions

A

Presence causes the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas

159
Q

Secretin Role in Pancreatic Secretions

A

Stimulate duct cells to secrete water and bicarbonate

160
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Mucosal cells of the small intestine fail to produce lactase

161
Q

Role of Bacteria in Large Intestine

A
  1. Digest cellulose, pectin, and plant polysaccharides
  2. Absorb digested material
  3. Synthesize vitamins B and K
162
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Immune contribution, infection and wound isolation, limits spread of infections
Prevents organs from moving around

163
Q

Mesentery and Mesocolon

A

Attach to the abdominal wall

Mesocolon connects intestines together

164
Q

Digestion

A

Process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body

165
Q

Absorption

A

The process of assimilating substances into cells or across tissues and organs through diffusion or osmosis

166
Q

Monomer of Carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharide

167
Q

Absorbable Form of Carbohydrate

A

Glucose

168
Q

Carbohydrate Digestion

A
  1. Mouth: salivary amylase
  2. Stomach: none
  3. Duodenum: broken down into disaccharides and then into monosaccharides
  4. Pancreatic secretions: amylase
169
Q

Where and how do absorbable carbohydrates enter the mucosal cell?

A
  1. Absorbed into mucosal cells after the small intestine

2. Co-transport via Na+ carrier molecule

170
Q

Where do carbohydrates travel after the mucosal cell?

A

Hepatic portal vein

171
Q

Monomer of Protein

A

Amino acids

172
Q

Bond That Holds Amino Acids Together

A

Peptide bond

173
Q

Protein Digestion in the Stomach

A
  1. Denatured by HCl

2. Pepsin is activated to break proteins into single amino acids and smaller polypeptides

174
Q

Protein Digestion in the Small Intestine

A
  1. Proteases produced by the pancreas are secreted to digest polypeptides into smaller units
  2. Cells in the wall of the small intestine complete the breakdown of dipeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids, which are absorbed in the bloodstream
175
Q

Protein Digestion by the Pancreas

A
  1. Produces proteases
176
Q

End Result of Protein Digestion

A

Amino acids are absorbed into the mucosal cell by sodium-dependent amino acid transporters

177
Q

Structure of a Triglyceride

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids

178
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules

Produced by the pancreas

179
Q

Micelles

A

Lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solution

180
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Transport lipids absorbed from intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue

181
Q

Where are absorbed lipids taken into?

A
  1. Small fatty acids enter cells and then blood by simple diffusion
  2. Chylomicrons leave the intestinal cells by exocytosis into a lacteal
182
Q

Where do chylomicrons go from a lacteal?

A

Lacteals to larger lymphatic vessels to thoracic duct to subclavian vein

183
Q

Where are vitamins absorbed?

A

Small intestine

184
Q

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K

185
Q

Why do we rarely see deficiencies of vitamins B or K?

A

Synthesized in the GI tract

186
Q

What is required for B12 absorption?

A

Intrinsic factor

187
Q

Where are minerals/electrolytes absorbed?

A

Duodenum

188
Q

Why does most absorption take place in the small intestine?

A

Small intestine is highly vascularized and is able to transport nutrients from the epithelium to the blood

189
Q

Examples of Endocrine Glands

A 
Pineal
Pituitary
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Hypothalamus
Adrenal
190
Q

Examples of Exocrine Glands

A 
Sweat
Salivary
Mammary
Ceruminous
Lacrimal
Sebaceous
Mucous
191
Q

Hormone Receptor

A

Molecule that binds to a specific hormone, typically found on plasma membranes of cells

192
Q

Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Hormones

A

Found within the cytoplasm

193
Q

Up-Regulation

A

An increase of cellular receptors

194
Q

Down-Regulation

A

A decrease in the number of cellular receptors

195
Q

Lipid Soluble Hormones

A 
Sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone, estrogen)
Steroids (glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids)
196
Q

Water Soluble Hormones

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
TSH
HGH

197
Q

What are steroid hormones made from?

A

Cholesterol

198
Q

Which hormone is metabolized by MAO?

A

Gonadal Hormones

Monoamines

199
Q

Why can’t you give insulin, oxytocin, HGH in oral pills?

A

They will be destroyed by the gastric juice

200
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The counteraction of an effect by its own influence

Too much glucose triggers the pancreas to produce insulin

201
Q

Positive Feedback

A

The enhancement of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it

When contractions start, oxytocin is released and stimulates more oxytocin and more contractions

202
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

A

Source: Hypothalamus
Released from: Pituitary gland
Action: Binds to receptors and causes the pituitary to create LH and FSH

203
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary
Target: Ovaries/Testes
Action: Stimulates egg/sperm production

204
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary
Target: Ovaries/Testes
Action: Ovulation, sex hormone release

205
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary
Target: Body cells, bones, and muscles
Action: Growth and development

206
Q

Prolactin

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary
Target: Breasts
Action: Maintains milk secretions

207
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary
Target: Thyroid
Stimulus: Hypothalamus releasing factor, decreased blood levels of thyroid hormone
Action: Regulates thyroid hormones

208
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary
Target: Adrenal Cortex
Stimulus: Low blood level of glucocorticoids, stress
Action: Stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol

209
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Source: Posterior Pituitary
Target: Kidneys
Stimulus: Increased osmolarity of plasma
Action: Inserts aquaporins into the nephron to increase water absorption

210
Q

Oxytocin

A

Source: Posterior Pituitary
Target: Uterus, breasts
Stimulus: Contractions
Action: Uterine contractions, milk secretion

211
Q

T3 and T4

A

Source: Thyroid
Target: Most cells
Stimulus: TSH
Action: Increases metabolic rate and body heat

212
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Source: Anterior pituitary and parathyroid gland
Target: Melanocytes in the skin, osteoclasts
Stimulus: Hypocalcemia
Action: Bone reabsorption (bones), decreases calcium secretion (kidneys), promotes vitamin D activity (blood calcium)

213
Q

Calcitonin

A

Source: Thyroid
Target: Adrenal cortex
Stimulus: Hypercalcemia
Action: Decreases osteoclasts and bone reabsorption

214
Q

Epinephrine

A

Source: Adrenal medulla
Target: Heart, lungs, liver, body cells
Stimulus: Fight or flight response
Action: Smooth muscle relaxation in the airways or contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles; inhibits flow to the nephrons

215
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Source: Adrenal medulla
Target: Heart, lungs, liver, body cells
Stimulus: Fight or flight response
Action: Increases blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose from energy stores; inhibits flow to the nephrons

216
Q

Aldosterone

A

Source: Adrenal cortex
Target: Kidney
Stimulus: Low blood pressure
Action: Increases sodium reabsorption

217
Q

Androgens

A

Source: Ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex
Target: Heart, testes
Stimulus: Puberty or menopause
Action: Stimulates the development and maintenance of male and female characteristics

218
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Source: Adrenal cortex
Target: Anterior pituitary
Stimulus: ACTH
Action: Inhibit inflammatory processes

219
Q

Insulin

A

Source: Pancreatic B cell
Target: Liver cell membrane
Stimulus: Hyperglycemia
Effect: Accelerates glucose transport into cells

220
Q

Glucagon

A

Source: Pancreatic A cell
Target: Liver cells
Stimulus: Hypoglycemia
Effect: Glycogenolysis

221
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

The most common form of diabetes caused by a deficiency of the pancreatic hormone insulin, which results in a failure to metabolize sugars and starch

222
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Rare form of diabetes caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone vasopressin, which regulates kidney function

223
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

Insulin-dependent, chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin

224
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

Long term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin

225
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes

A 
Hyperglycemia
Glycosuria
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Ketouria
Weight loss
Lack of energy/fatigue
226
Q

Different Forms of Hormones

A

Steroid hormones
Monoamines
Peptide Hormones

227
Q

How are steroid hormones transported?

A

Transport proteins

228
Q

How are monoamines and peptides transported?

A

Mixing with blood plasma

229
Q

How do steroid hormones communicate with the cell?

A

Interact with receptors inside the cell that alter the transcriptional activity of different genes

230
Q

How do monoamines and peptides communicate with the cell?

A

Bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and activate the target inside of the cell

231
Q

What zone of the adrenal cortex are glucocorticoids produced?

A

Zona fasciculata and reticularis

232
Q

What zone of the adrenal cortex are mineralcorticoids produced?

A

Zona glomerulosa

233
Q

What does ACTH stimulate the release of?

A

Glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

234
Q

What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

A

Renin in the kidneys

235
Q

What gland is responsible for epinephrine?

A

Adrenal medulla

236
Q

Where is the site of filtration?

A

Glomerular capillaries

237
Q

If glomerular blood pressure is increased, how would glomerular filtration be affected if nothing else changes?

A

Glomerular filtration will increase

238
Q

What does the myogenic mechanism detect?

A

Blood pressure

239
Q

What does not elicit the release the of aldosterone?

A

ADH

Does not have anything to do with sodium

240
Q

Which buffer system uses HPO4 to buffer secreted acid in the kidney?

A

The Phosphate Buffer System

241
Q

What is responsible for the detection of blood osmolarity?

A

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus

242
Q

Order of Fat Digestion

A

Fat globule —> Glycerol and fatty acids —> Micelle

243
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

Primarily responsible for peristalsis

244
Q

What hormone stimulates T3 and T4?

A

TSH

245
Q

Stratified squamous tissue is found in the…

A

Mouth and anus

246
Q

Glucosuria without hyperglycemia is…

A

Renal diabetes

247
Q

Glucosuria with hyperglycemia is…

A

Diabetes I and II and gestational

248
Q

What portion of the nephron loop is permeable to water?

A

Descending limb

249
Q

Symporters in the ascending limb of the nephron loop set up what feature in the medulla?

A

Osmotic gradient

250
Q

Total body represents what percentage of weight?

A

45%

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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