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Medical Terminology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

fertilization

A

union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new individual

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2
Q

gamete

A

reproductive cell (spermatozoon in the male and ovum in the female)

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3
Q

infertility

A

persistent inability to conceive a child

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4
Q

neonate

A

infant from birth to 28 days of age

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5
Q

ova

A

female reproductive cells (plural ovum)

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6
Q

postpartum

A

occurring after childbirth

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7
Q

amni/o

A

amnion (amniotic sac)

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8
Q

cervic/o

A

neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)

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9
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

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10
Q

vagin/o

A

vagina

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11
Q

galact/o

A

milk

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12
Q

lact/o

A

milk

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13
Q

gynec/o

A

woman, female

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14
Q

hyster/o

A

uterus (womb)

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15
Q

uter/o

A

uterus (womb)

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16
Q

mamm/o

A

breast

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17
Q

mast/o

A

breast

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18
Q

men/o

A

menses, menstration

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19
Q

metr/o

A

uterus (womb); measure

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20
Q

mat/o

A

birth

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21
Q

oophor/o

A

ovary

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22
Q

perine/o

A

perineum

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23
Q

salping/o

A

tube(usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

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24
Q

vulv/o

A

vulva

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25
Q

episi/o

A

vulva

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26
Q

andr/o

A

male

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27
Q

balan/o

A

glans penis

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28
Q

gonad/o

A

gonads, sex glands

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29
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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30
Q

orch/o

A

testis (plural, testes)

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31
Q

orchi/o

A

testis (plural, testes)

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32
Q

orchid/o

A

tesis (plural, testes)

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33
Q

test/o

A

testis (plural, testes

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34
Q

prostat/o

A

prostate gland

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35
Q

spermat/o

A

spermatozoa, sperm cells

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36
Q

sperm/i*

A

spermatozoa, sperm cells

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37
Q

sperm/o

A

spermatozoa, sperm cells

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38
Q

varic/o

A

dilated vein

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39
Q

vas/o

A

vessel; vas deferens; duct

40
Q

vesicul/o

A

seminal vesicle

41
Q

-arche

A

beginning

42
Q

-cyesis

A

pregnancy

43
Q

-gravida

A

pregnant women

44
Q

-para

A

to bear (offspring)

45
Q

-salpinx

A

tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

46
Q

retro-

A

backward, behind

47
Q

candidiasis

A

vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida albicans and characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and extremely itching

48
Q

cervicitis

A

inflammation of the uterine cervix, which is usually the result of infection or a sexually transmitted infection

49
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the oviducts (tubal pregnancy)

50
Q

endometriosis

A

presence of endometrial tissue outside (ectopic)the uterine cavity, such as the pelvis or abdomen

51
Q

fibroid

A

benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; also called leiomyoma

52
Q

fistual

A

abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities, such as the rectum and the vagina, or a body cavity to the skin, such as the rectum to the outside of the body, caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation

53
Q

vescovaginal

A

abnormal duct between the bladder and vagina that result in severe urine loss from the vagina

54
Q

gestational hypertension

A

potentially life-threatening condition of high blood pressure; usually develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by edema and proteinuria

55
Q

preeclampsia

A

non convulsive form of gestational hypertension that, if left untreated, may progress to eclampsia

56
Q

eclampsia

A

convulsive form of gestational hypertension that is a medical emergency and life-threatening tot he mother, baby, or both

57
Q

sterility

A

inability of a women to become pregnant or for a man to impregnate a women

58
Q

toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

A

rare, sometimes fatal, staphylococcal infection that generally occurs in menstruating women, most of whom use vaginal tampons

59
Q

anorchism

A

congenital absence of one or both testes; also called anorchia

60
Q

balanitis

A

inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis caused by irritation and invasion of micro organisms and commonly associated with inadequate hygiene of the prepuce and phimosis

61
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

gradual enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs as a man ages and is common in men older than age 60

62
Q

cryptorchildism

A

failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum

63
Q

epispadias

A

congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip

64
Q

hypospadias

A

congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis instead of the tip

65
Q

impotence

A

inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection; also called erectile dysfunction

66
Q

phimosis

A

stenosis or narrowing of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis

67
Q

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

A

any disease affecting the male or female reproductive system that is acquired as a result of sexual intercourse or other intimate contact with an infected individual; also called venereal disease

68
Q

chlamydia

A

one of the most damaging STIs caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis, causing cervicitis in women and urethritis in men

69
Q

genital warts

A

wars in the genitalia caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and possibly associated with cervical cancer in women

70
Q

gonorrhea

A

contagious STI caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae and most commonly affecting the genitourinary tract and occasionally the pharynx or rectum

71
Q

herpes genitalis

A

infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 of the male or female genital and anorectal skin and mucosa that may be transmitted through the placenta to the fetus during delivery

72
Q

syphilis

A

infectious, chronic STI characterized by a skin lesion (chancre) typically on the genitals, rectum, or mouth, which may cause long-term complications, including death if left untreated

73
Q

trichomoniasis

A

protazoal infestation of the vagina, urethra, or prostate and the most common STI affecting men and women, although symptoms are more common in women

74
Q

colpsocopy

A

examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument

75
Q

hysterosalpingography

A

radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium

76
Q

laparoscopy

A

visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus

77
Q

mammography

A

radiography of the breast used to diagnose benign and malignant tumors

78
Q

papanicolaou (pap) test

A

microscopic analysis of a small tissue sample obtained from the cervix and vagina using a swab to detect carcinoma

79
Q

digital rectal examination (DRE)

A

examination of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and the rectum

80
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test

A

blood test used to screen for prostate cancer in which elevated levels of PSA are associated with prostate enlargement and cancer

81
Q

transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and biopsy of the prostate

A

an ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum to obtain an image of the prostate gland and collect multiple needle biopsy specimens of the prostate gland tissue where abnormalities are detected

82
Q

cerclage

A

obstetric procedure in which a nonabsorbable suture is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneous abortion in a women who has an incompetent cervix

83
Q

dilation and curettage

A

surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal of the uterus (dilation) so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped (curettage) to stop prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding, diagnose uterine abnormalities, and obtain tissue for microscopic examination

84
Q

hysterosalpingooophorectomy

A

surgical removal of the uterus, a fallopian tube, and an ovary

85
Q

lumpectomy

A

excision of a small primary breast tumor (“lump”) and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it

86
Q

mastectomy

A

complete or partial excision of one or both breasts, most commonly performed to remove malignant tumor

modified radical: mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection)

radical: mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast
total: mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin; also call simple mastectomy

87
Q

reconstructive breast surgery

A

reconstruction of a breast that has been removed because of cancer or other disease; commonly possible immediately after mastectomy so the patient awakens from anesthesia with a breast mound already in place

tissue (skin) expansion: common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is replaced with a more permanent implant

transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap: surgical creation of a skin flap (using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen), which is passed under the skin to the breast area, shaped into a natural-looking breast, and sutured into place

88
Q

tubal ligation

A

sterilization procedure that involves blocking both fallopian tubes by cutting or burning them and tying them off

89
Q

circumcision

A

surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce of the penis; usually performed on a male infant

90
Q

transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

surgical procedure to relieve obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (excessive overgrowth of normal tissue) by insertion of a resectoscope into the penis and through the urethra to “chip away” at prostatic tissue and flush out chips using an irrigation solution

91
Q

antifungals

A

treat vaginal fungal infection, such as candidiasis

92
Q

estrogens

A

treat symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, vaginal dryness) through hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

93
Q

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

synthetic hormone use to correct a deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, or testosterone hormone; relieve symptoms of menopause; and prevent osteoporosis in women

94
Q

oral contraceptives (OCPs)

A

prevent ovulation to avoid pregnancy; also known as birht control pills

95
Q

gonadotropins

A

hormonal preparation used to increase sperm count in cases of infertilitiy

96
Q

spermicidies

A

method of birth control; destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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