Endocrine System Flashcards
homeostasis
ability of the body to maintain a state of equilibrium within its internal environment, regardless of changing conditions in the outside environment
hormone
chemical substance produced by specialized cells of the body that work slowly and affects many different processes, including growth and development, sexual function, mood, and metabolism
metabolism
sum of all chemical and physical processes occurring within living cells
aden/o
gland
adrenal/o
adrenal glands
adren/o
adrenal glands
calc/o
calcium
gluc/o
sugar, sweetness
glyc/o
sugar, sweetness
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o
thyroid gland
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
toxic/o
poison
-crine
to secrete
-ism
condition
-toxic
poison
hyper-
excessive, above normal
poly-
many, much
Addison disease
hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex that results in generalized malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, severe loss of fluids and electrolytes, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia, and hyperpigmentation of the skin
Crushing syndrome
cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of cortisol (glucocorticoid) or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) circulating in the blood; may be due tothe use of oral coticosteroid medication or by tumors that produce cortisol or ACTH
diabetes mellitus (DM)
group of meabolic disease characterized by high glucos levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both and that occur in two primary forms: type 1 and type 2
type 1 diabetes
abrupt onset of DM, usually in childhood, caused by destruction of beta islet cells of the pancreas with complete deficiency of insulin secretion
type 2 diabetes
gradual onset of DM, usually apearing in middle age and caused by a deficiency in production of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin by the cells of the body
insulinoma
tumors of the islets of Langerhans in the pacreas
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas that occurs when pancreatic enzymes that digest food are activated in the pancreas instead of the duodenum and attack pancreatic tissue, causing damage to the gland; most commonly caused by alcoholism and biliary tract disease
panhypopituitarism
total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
pheochromocytoma
rare adrenal gland tumor that causes excessive release of ephinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure) and induces severe blood pressure elevation
fasting blood glucose (FBG)
test that measures glucose levels in the blood after the patient has fasted (not eaten) for at least 8 hours; used to diagnose pancreatic disorders, such as diabetes and hypoglycemia; also called fasting blood sugar
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
test in which a patient fasts for 8-12 hours and then ingests glucose, and blood samples are taken to determine how quickly the glucose is cleared from the blood; used to diagnose diabetes with higher accuracy than other blood glucose test; also called oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
imaging procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thyroid after oral or intravenous administration of radioactive iodine; used to determine thyroid function by monitoring the ability of the thyroid to take up iodine from the blood
thyroid function test (TFT)
blood test that measures thyroid hormone levels to detect an increase or decrease in thyroid function
total calcium
blood test that measures calcium to detect parathyroid and bone disorders
lobectomy
Removal of one lobe in treatment of endocrine diseases such as hyperthyroidism
thymectomy
excision of thymus gland in cases of myathenia gravis or a tumor
transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
minimally invasive endoscopic surgery that removes pituitary tumors through the nasal cavity via the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal)without affecting the brain
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
synthetic hormone used to correct a deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, or testosterone hormone; relieve symptoms of menopause; and prevent osteoporosis in women
insulins
replace insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes or severe type 2 diabetes
oral antidiabetics
treat type 2 diabetes by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin or lower glucose levels in the blood
