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Medical Terminology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical procedure that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to widen and restore blood flow in the artery

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2
Q

arteries

A

large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

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3
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic blood vessels joining arterioles and venules

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4
Q

congenital

A

pertaining to presence of a disorder at the time of birth, which may result from genetic or environmental causes

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5
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism

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6
Q

veins

A

vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart

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7
Q

aneurysm/o

A 
widening, widened blood vessel
abnormal widening (ballooning) of a portion of an artery as a result of weakness in its wall, or it may be present at birth (congenital)
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8
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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9
Q

arter/o, arteri/o

A

artery

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10
Q

ather/o

A

fatty plaque

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11
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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12
Q

cardi/o, coron/o

A

heart

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13
Q

phleb/o, ven/o

A

vein

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14
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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15
Q

varic/o

A

dilated vein

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16
Q

vas/o

A

vessel; vas deferens; duct

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17
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel

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18
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (of heart or brain)

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19
Q

-cardia

A

heart condition

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20
Q

-gram

A

record, writing

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21
Q

-graph

A

instrument for recording

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22
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

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23
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, stricture

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24
Q

brady-

A

slow

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25
Q

endo-

A

in, within

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26
Q

epi-

A

above, upon

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27
Q

peri-

A

around

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28
Q

angina pectoris

A

mild to severe pain or pressure in the chest caused by ischemia; also called angina

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29
Q

arrhythmia, dysrhythmia

A

irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat;

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30
Q

Fibrillation

A

arrhythmia in which there is rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or ventricles; usually described by the part that is contracting abnormally, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation

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31
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls; also called hardening of the arteries

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32
Q

atherosclerosis

A

most common form of arteriosclerosis caused by accumulation of fatty substances within the arterial walls, resulting in partial and, eventually total blockage

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33
Q

bruit

A

soft blowing sound heard on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow

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34
Q

embolus

A

mass of undissolved matter (commonly a blood clot, fatty plaque, or air bubble) that travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel

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35
Q

heart block

A

disease of the electrical system of the heart, which controls activity of heart muscle

First Degree: atrioventricular (AV) block in which atrial electrical impulses are delayed by a fraction of a second before being conducted to the ventricles

Second Degree: AV block in which only some atrial electrical impulses are conducted to the ventricles

Third Degree: AV block in which no electrical impulses reach the ventricles; also called complete heart block (CHB)

36
Q

Heart Failure (HF)

A

occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood flow to meet the needs of the body and can cause a number of symptoms, such as shortness of breath, leg swelling, and exercise intolerance.

37
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

consistently elevated blood pressure, causing damage to the blood vessels and, ultimately, the heart

38
Q

ischemia

A

inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part as a result of an interruption of blood flow

39
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

structural abnormality in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve does not close completely, resulting in a back flow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction

40
Q

Murmur

A

abnormal sound heard on auscultation caused by defects in the valve or chambers of the heart

41
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more coronary arteries; also called heart attack

42
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

Failure of the ductus arteriosus (which connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch in a fetus) to close after birth, resulting in an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta

43
Q

Raynaud Disease

A

severe, sudden vasoconstriction and spasm in fingers and toes followed by cyanosis after exposure to cold temperature or emotional stress; also called Raynaud phenomenon

44
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

streptococcal infection that causes damage to the heart valves and heart muscle, most commonly in children and young adults

45
Q

Stroke

A

damage to part of the brain as a result of interruption of its blood supply caused by bleeding within brain tissue or, more commonly blockage of an artery; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

46
Q

thrombus

A

a stationary blood clot formed within a blood vessel or within the heart, commonly causing vascular obstruction; also called blood clot

47
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most commonly in the lower legs

48
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

blood supply to part of the brain is briefly interrupted but does not cause permanent brain damage and may be a warning sign of a more serious and debilitating stroke in the future; also called ministroke

49
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

insertion of a small tube (catheter) through an incision into a large vein, usually of an arm (brachial approach) or leg (femoral approach), which is threaded through a blood vessel until it reaches the heart

50
Q

cardiac enzyme studies

A

battery of blood tests performed to determine the presence of cardiac damage

51
Q

doppler ultrasonography

A

ultrasound technique that records blood flow velocity (speed) to image major obstructions caused by atherosclerotic plaques in patients at risk for a stroke

52
Q

echocardiography (ECHO)

A

ultrasound technique used to image the heart and evaluate how the heart’s chambers and valves are working and to diagnose and detect pathological conditions

53
Q

electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

A

creation and study of graphic recordings (electrocardiograms) produced by electrical activity generated by the heart muscle; also called cardiography

54
Q

Holter monitor

A

monitoring device worn by a patient that records prolonged electrocardiograph readings (usually 24 hours) on a portable tape recorder while the patient conducts normal daily activities

55
Q

stress test

A

electrocardiography (ECG) taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (typically using a treadmill) while measuring oxygen consumption

Nuclear: ECG that uses a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow

56
Q

troponin I

A

blood test that measures protein released into the blood by damaged heart muscle (not skeletal muscle) and is a highly sensitive, specific indicator of recent myocardial infarction (MI)

57
Q

angioplasty

A

surgery that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to widen and restore blood flow in the artery

58
Q

cardioversion

A

Restoration of normal heart rhythm by applying an electrical counter-shock to the chest using a device (defibrillator); also called defibrillation

59
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

bypass surgery in which peripheral veins are removed, and each end of the vein is sutured onto the coronary artery to create new routes around narrowed and blocked arteries, allowing sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle

60
Q

defibrillator

A

device used to administer a defibrillating electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm

61
Q

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)

A

surgically implanted electrical device that continuously monitors and corrects potentially fatal arrhythmias by delivering low-energy shocks to the heart; also called implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

62
Q

automatic external defibrillator (AED)

A

portable computerized device that analyzed the patients heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to stimulate a heart in cardiac arrest

63
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of the lining of an artery

64
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

Removal of plaque (atherosclerosis) and thromboses from an occluded carotid artery to reduce the risk of stroke

65
Q

endovenous laser therapy (EVLT)

A

Treatment of large varicose veins in the legs in which a laser fiber is inserted directly into the affected vein to heart the lining within the vein, causing it to collapse, shrink, and eventually disappear; also called endovenous laser ablation (EVLA)

66
Q

sclerotherapy

A

chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue, which closes the vein

67
Q

valvuloplasty

A

insertion of a balloon catheter in a blood vessel in the groin through the aorta and into the heart to widen a stenotic (stiffened) heart valve and increase blood flow; also called percutanous valvuloplasty

68
Q

anticoagulants

A

prevent clotting or coagulation of blood

69
Q

beta blockers

A

slow the heart rate and reduce the force with which the heart muscle contracts, lowering blood pressure

70
Q

nitrates

A

relieve chest pain associated with angina and ease symptoms of heart failure (HF)

71
Q

statins

A

reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and block production of an enzyme in the liver that produces cholesterol

72
Q

thrombolytics

A

dissolve (lyse) blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis

73
Q

AAA

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

74
Q

AED

A

automatic external defibrillator

75
Q

AICD

A

automated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

76
Q

ASHD

A

arteriosclerotic heart disease

77
Q

CABG

A

Coronary Artery bypass graft

78
Q

CAD

A

Coronary artery disease

79
Q

CV

A

cardiovascular

80
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident; costovertebral angle

81
Q

EVLT

A

endovenous laser therapy; endoluminal laser therapy

82
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein

83
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

84
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

85
Q

PDA

A

patent ductus arteriosus

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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