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medical terminology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Congnition

A

process of thought–including reasoning, judgement, and perception

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2
Q

nerve impulse

A

electrical signal transmitted along the nerve fiber in response to a stimulus

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3
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals in the brain that transmit messages between nerves cells (neurons)

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4
Q

peripheral

A

pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ or structure or occurring away from its center

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5
Q

traumatic

A

caused by or pertaining to an injury

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6
Q

vascular

A

pertaining to or composed of blood vessels

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7
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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9
Q

gli/o

A

glue; neuroglial tissue

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10
Q

mening/o

A

meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

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11
Q

meningi/o

A

meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

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12
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

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13
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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14
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

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15
Q

-phasia

A

speech

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16
Q

dys-

A

bad, painful, difficult

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17
Q

hemi-

A

one half

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18
Q

para-

A

near; beside; beyond

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19
Q

quadri-

A

four

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20
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

degenerative disorder that manifests in adult hood with symptoms of difficulty in swallowing and talking, dyspnea, and muscle weakness, and paralysis; also called Lou Gehrigs Disease (named after the baseball player who became afflicted with ALS)

21
Q

dementia

A

progressive, irreversible deterioration of mental function marked by memory impairment and, commonly, deficits in reasoning, judgement, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language

22
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

Chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic “plaques”, which results in dementia that progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning and personality changes

23
Q

epilepsy

A

disorder that results from the generation of electrical signals inside the brain, causing recurring seizures in which some people simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, whereas others have extreme convulsions

24
Q

Huntington Chorea

A

inherited, degenerative disease of the CNS with symptoms developing in middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste way, resulting in uncontrolled bizarre movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration

25
Q

hydrocephalus

A

excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain that is most common in neonates, but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease; if left untreated, causes an enlarged head and cognitive decline

26
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by inflammation, hardening , and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscular symptoms

27
Q

neoblastoma

A

malignant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblasts that occurs most commonly in infants and children

28
Q

neurosis

A

nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

29
Q

palsy

A

Partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis

Bell: facial paralysis on one side of the face as a result of inflammation of facial nerves

Cerebral: bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused y damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary

30
Q

paralysis

A

loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injry

31
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Progressive neurological disorder caused by a neurotransmitter deficiency (dopamine) that affects the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement and results in hand tremors; uncontrollable head nodding; shuffling gait; and difficulty talking, swallowing, or completing simple tasks

32
Q

Polimyelitis

A

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

33
Q

psycosis

A

mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; often with delusions an dhallucinations

34
Q

sciatica

A

severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot

35
Q

shingles

A

chronic viral disease in which painful blisters appear on the skin along the course of a peripheral nerve that is caused by inflammation secondary to herpes zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox

36
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

Spina bifida occulta: most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

spina bifida cystica: most severe type of spina bifida that incolces protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele)

37
Q

stroke

A

inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the brain due to a clot or ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), which allows brain tissue to die and becomes a medical emergency; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

38
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

interruption in blook supply tot he brain that does not cause permanent brain damage but may be an indication of a higher risk of a more serious and debilitating condition (stroke)

39
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

A

laboratory test that examines a sample of CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture, which is analyzed for the presence of blood, bacteria, and malignant cells as well as for the amount of protein and glucose present

40
Q

electroencephalography

A

electrodes are placed on the scalp to record electrical activity within the brain; used to evaluate seizure and sleep disorders and periods of unconsciousness, monitor brain surgeries, and determine whether a person is in a coma or brain dead

41
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to withdraw a sample of CSF used for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological laboratory analysis; also called spinal tap

42
Q

craniotomy

A

surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures

43
Q

thalamotomy

A

partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain

44
Q

trephination

A

excision of a circular disk of bone using a specialized saw called a trephine to reveal brain tissue during neurosurgery, or to relieve intracranial pressure (ICP)

45
Q

anesthetics

A

produce partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness

General: produced complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness

Local: produce loss of feeling and affect a local area only

46
Q

anticonvulsants

A

prevent or control seizures

47
Q

antiparkinsonian agents

A

reduce signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease

48
Q

anitpsychotics

A

alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of delusions and hallucinations

49
Q

thrombolytics

A

dissolve blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis

medical terminology (15 decks)

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