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Module 2 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Two cycles of cell division

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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2
Q

Mitosis somatic cell division

A

One cycle of cell division that results in 2 identical (diploid) daughter cells.

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

Two cycles of cell division that results in 4 haploid cells

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4
Q

Gonads

A

Reproductive organs that produce hormones and reproductive cells

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5
Q

Gamets

A

Reproductive cells

  • Oocytes
  • Sperm
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6
Q

Fertilization

A

One sperm cell and one Oocyte unite

-Forms a Zygote

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7
Q

Testis

A

Male reproductive organ

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8
Q

Scrotum

A

(Contains testes)

Lined by serous membrane to reduce friction

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9
Q

Sperm

Spermatozoa

A

Reproductive cells produced by testis

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10
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Pulls testes closer to body with contraction due to temperature

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11
Q

Semi ferrous tubules

A
  • 80cm tightly coiled
  • structures to 1/2 mile
  • initial location of sperm production
  • tubules surrounded by sperm filled with loose connective tissue and interstitial cells
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12
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Youngest stage of the sperm cell

Stem cell

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13
Q

Sustentacular cells

A

Nourish development sperm cells

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14
Q

Interstitial cells

A

Produce androgens

Testosterone

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15
Q

Testosterone

A

Secreted into the blood supply and diffuses from interstitial cells to sustencular cells.
(They are in close proximity)

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16
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Senses of cell division that ultimately produce sperm.

  • With each division, sperm cells moves close to lumen.
  • Mitosis, Mitosis I, Mitosis II
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17
Q

Mitosis

A

Spermatogonia (stem cells)

  • Will divide for entire adult life of male
  • Equals 2 diploid cells from one diploid cell
  • One remains a stem cell, one is pushed toward the lumen to change into primary spermatocyte
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18
Q

Diploid cells

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

46 chromosomes total

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19
Q

Haploid

A

23 chromosomes

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20
Q

Meiosis I

A

primary spermatocyte

1) Replication of diploid cells (tetrad)
2) Possible Crossing over - part of chromosomes switch with another one
3) the results are a secondary spermatocyte

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21
Q

Meiosis II

A

1) Receives Secondary spermatocyte from meiosis I
2) Splits them up into 4 cells containing 23 chromosomes each Haploid cells
3) Spermiogenesis - physically maturation of spermatid

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22
Q

Sperm cell

A

Physically mature but immobile

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23
Q

For sperm cells to become mobile, they must undergo

A

CAPACITATION

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24
Q

CAPACITATION

A

Mix with secretion of seminal vesicles

-Be exposed to conditions of female reproductive tract

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25
Q

Efferent Duct

A

Contains cilia sweeps the sperm cells into the Epididymus

26
Q

Epididymus

A

1) Adjust fluid composition of semi ferrous tubules
2) Recycle damaged spermatozoa
3) Store maturing spermatozoa

27
Q

Duct Deferens (Vas Deferens)

A
  • Track toward prostate gland
  • Enclosed by spermatic cord
  • Sheath of connective tissue and muscle, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics.
  • Propels sperm by peristalsis
28
Q

5 major functions

A

1) growth
2) Metabolism
3) movement
4) responsiveness
5) reproduction

29
Q

4) Seminal Vesicles

A

Sperm enter the ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicles contribute 60% of semen
-Fructose for E
- Prostaglandin = promotes SMC contractions
- Fibrinogen = form clot in vagina
* One of the components to make sperm motile

30
Q

5) Prostate gland

A
  • 20-30% of vol semen

- Seminal plasma (Prevent UTI)

31
Q

6) Bulbourethral glam

A

-Secrete sticky mucous to neutralize urinary acids

32
Q

Penis

A

Tubular organ that introduce semen into females vagina during intercourse. Conducts urine to exterior.

Root = point of attachment to body
Shaft = contains erectile tissue
Glans = surrounds external urethral meatus
33
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of penile arteries

A

1) Neurons release nitric oxide
2) Vasodilation + Erection

  • when giving nitro to a pt on ED meds, it can cause wide spread vasodilation - hypotension.
34
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Twisting of spermatic cord cuts off blood supply to tests

35
Q

Priapism

A

Erection not associated with sexual arousal

*Spinal cord injury = opposed parasympathetic stimulation
Usually lumbar area
Cuts off upper and lower

36
Q

LH

A

GnRH to hypophyseal postal system
Ant pituitary release LH and FSH (water soluble)
LH goes to LHR , and targets interstitial cells (produce testosterone)
Testosterone will diffuse into the cells cause lipid soluble in sustencular cells
And will be released into the bloodstream

37
Q

FSH

A 
Susententacular cells have FSH receptors
Produce androgen binding proteins 
Binds testosterone 
Maintain high concentrations of testosterone (maintain gradient)
Equals Spermatogenesis 
Passive
38
Q

High Sperm count

A

*Low sperm count

39
Q

Circulating T causes Negative feedback to hypothalamus anterior pituitary

A

Inhibits GNRH and FSH LH

40
Q

T effects in the bloodstream

A

60% binds to sex hormone binding globulin
(SHBG)
38% binds to albumin
2% unbound (free)
That’s leads to release of DHT ( dihydrotestoterone) and estradiol

41
Q

Ovaries

A

Female reproductive organ

42
Q

Ovaries produce

A

Ova (plural)
Ovum (singular)
Hormones
Oocyte

43
Q

Oogensis

A

Production of egg

-Begins before birth/ ends at menopause

44
Q

Mitosis in females

A

-Begins before birth

Oogonia (stem cells) divide before birth to form primary Oocyte (daughter cell)

45
Q

Meiosis I in females

A

(Before Birth)
-Placed on hold until puberty
Then once monthly to form secondary Oocyte
(Gets all cytoplasm) And polar body (not functional)
Primary Oocyte going to enter

46
Q

Meiosis II in females

A

Secondary Oocyte is going to be released and is waiting for sperm
If fertilization occurs form another polar body (inactive) and one haploid cell (ovum =mature egg)
Fertilization - mixing by of nucleus (zygote)

47
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Follicle development and ovulation

-28 day cycle

48
Q

Follicular phase

A

(Days 1-14)

2 Oocyte

49
Q

Ovarian follicle

A

Surrounds, protects, promotes growth of Oocyte

  • Primardial Oocyte follicle (simple squamous layer) primary oocyte
  • Primardial becomes primary follicle. Primary follicle has simple squamous that becomes simple cboidal.
  • primary becomes secondary follicle has stratified cuboidal that are now called granulosa cells
  • secondary Oocyte
50
Q

Ovulation

A

Day 14
Secondary Oocyte released from follicle
Follicular wall ruptures, contents released into pelvic cavity, swept in uterine tone
(Negative feed back to positive feedback)
Rise in estrogen equals rise in GnRH which equals rise in rise in FSH/LH

51
Q

Luteral Phase

A

(Days 14-28)
Corpus Luteum will discernergrate in 12 days if no fertilization
If fertilization will remain open and secrete hormones until placenta forms
Corpus letueum secretes estrogen and progesterone which inhibits GnRH
(Ensures for no further follicular development)

52
Q

Uterine cycle

A

28 days

53
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

13cm

Moves Oocyte to uterus with peristalsis

54
Q

Menses

A

Days (1-7)

  • Degradation of superficial functional zone of endometrium
  • changes in hormones, endometrial arteries constrict
  • Due to deprivation of 02 and nutrients, arterial walls ruptures, blood pours into connective tissue of functional area, sloughing of tissue = Menstration
55
Q

Proliferation Phase

A

(Days 7-14)

-Surviving epithelial cells multiply and spread across the surface of the endometrium

56
Q

Secretory Phase

A

Days 14-28

  • Glands enlarge, endometrium prepare for arrival of embryo
  • Persists as long as corpus/uterine remains intact
57
Q

Endocrine function of the follicular phase

A

1) FSH unregulates the number of LHR on grandulosa cells
2) LH stimulates production of estrogen
3)No significant increase or decrease in amount of FSH or LH but increase number of LHR equals increased sensitivity to LH which equals increase estrogen and that stimulates OOGENESIS
(Negative Feedback)

58
Q

Endocrine function in ovulation

A

1) Estrogen stops negative feedback inhibition toward hypothalamus
2) Decreased sensing of estrogen equals increased GnRH release which leads to rise in FSH/LH
(Positive Feedback)

59
Q

Endocrine function during the luteal phase

A

1) Convert back to negative feedback , decreased FSH/LH
2) Corpus Luteum secrets estrogen and progesterone which inhibits GnRH
3) Ensures no further follicular development and oogenesis
4) Progesterone inhibits SMC contractions

60
Q

Vagina

A
  • Elastic muscular tube
    1) Receives penis during intercourse
    2) Passageway for fetus during delivery
    3) Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids
61
Q

Ovarian torsion

A

Twisting of the Fallopian tube cutting of the blood supply.

Module 2 (28 decks)

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