Enviromental Emerency

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Maintaining constant suitable conditions within body

Question 2

Thermal Gradient

Answer 2

Difference in temperature between environment ( ambient temperature) and body

Question 3

Thermogenesis

Answer 3

Heat generation

Question 4

Thermoregulatory thermogenesis

Answer 4

Controlled by endocrine system

Question 5

Thermolysis

Answer 5

Loss of heat

Question 6

Evaporation

Answer 6

Body heat lost by evaporation of perspiration

Question 7

Convection

Answer 7

Body heat lost to air

Question 8

Conduction

Answer 8

Body heat lost to nearby objects

Question 9

Radiation

Answer 9

Body heat lost to nearby objects without touching them

Question 10

Unclothed person will lose ____ of body heat by radiation at room temperature

Answer 10

60%

Question 11

Thermoregulation

Answer 11

Maintenance or regulation of temperature

Question 12

Hypothalamus

Answer 12

Base of brain; responsible for temperature regulation; functions as thermostat

Question 13

Peripheral thermorecepters

Answer 13

Skin and mucous membranes

Question 14

Central thermorecepters

Answer 14

Deep tissues

Question 15

Hyperthermia vasodilation

Answer 15

Blood carries heat to periphery for dissipation through skin

Question 16

Signs of Thermolysis

Answer 16

Diaphoresis
Increased skin temp
Flushing
AMS
ALOC

Question 17

Predisposing factors of hyperthermia

Answer 17

Age of patient : pedi and geri populations tolerate less variation in temperature
Health of patient : diabetics can become hyperthermia more easily (poor circulation)
Medications
Acclimation

Question 18

Predisposing factors medications for hyperthermia

Answer 18

Diuretics- predispose to dehydration
Beta - blockers : interfere with vasodilation
Psychotropics and antihistamine : interfere with central Thermoregulation.

Question 19

Heat cramps

Answer 19

Muscle cramps; over exertion and dehydration in prescence of atmospheric.
Sweating : loss of water; loss of electrolytes
Intermittent cramping of skeletal muscles may occur

Question 20

Signs and symptoms of heat cramps

Answer 20

Painful ; not actual heat illness
Fingers, arms , legs, abdominal muscles
Mentally alert, weakness, dizzy , and faint
Vitals signs stable
Temp normal, slightly elevated
Skin warm and moist

Question 21

Heat exhaustion

Answer 21

Mild heat illness; acute reaction to heat exposure
Loss of water and sodium with vasodilation
Decreased circulating blood volume, venous pooling, reduced cardiac output.

Question 22

Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion

Answer 22

Dehydration and electrolyte loss account for signs and symptoms
If not treated , may progress to heatstroke
Increased body temp, skin cool and clammy with heavy perspirations, breathing and shallow, weak pulse.
Diarrhea, muscle cramps, weak, maybe LOC
If CNS symptoms, treat for heatstroke

Question 23

Heatstroke

Answer 23

Hypothalamic temperature regulation lost; uncompensated hyperthermia.
Cell death; damage to brain; liver , kidneys

Question 24

Heatstroke occurs at a temperature of at least ?

Answer 24

105 degrees

40.6 C

Question 25

Exertional heatstroke

Answer 25

Good health; increased core body temp caused by overwhelming heat stress.

Question 26

Heatstroke from exertion can lead to

Answer 26

Metabolic acidosis | HyperK

Question 27

Dehydration in heat disorders

Answer 27

Inhibit vasodilation and Thermolysis | Orthostatic hypotension

Question 28

Hypothermia

Answer 28

Low core body temp below 95 degrees | And 35 C

Question 29

Mild hypothermia

Answer 29

Core temp greater then 90 degrees (32C) with signs and symptoms of hypothermia

Question 30

Signs and symptoms of mild hypothermia

Answer 30

- Tachycardia - Shivering - Vasoconstriction - Tachypnea - Fatigue; impaired judgement

Question 31

Signs and symptoms of moderate hypothermia

Answer 31

- Cold induced hypothermia - Hypotension - Respiratory depression - AMS - Loss of shivering

Question 32

Signs and symptoms of severe hypothermia

Answer 32

- Coma - Apnea - Ventricular arrhythmias or asystole

Question 33

Temperatures below ___ cause significant increase in mortality rate.

Answer 33

86degrees (30 C)

Question 34

Severe hypothermia asses pulse and RR for at least ___ secs every __ to __ minutes.

Answer 34

30 seconds 1 minute 2 minutes

Question 35

Rewarming shock

Answer 35

Application of external heat causing reflex peripheral vasodilation.

Question 36

Cold diuresis

Answer 36

Core vasoconstriction causes increased blood volume and blood pressure. Kidneys remove excess fluid to reduce pressure.

Question 37

If a V-Fib is detected in a hypothermia arrest, deliver a single shock at ___?

Answer 37

360 joules

Question 38

Subsequent defibrillations or blouses of medication avoided until core temperature is ___?

Answer 38

86 degrees (30 C)

Question 39

Frostbite

Answer 39

Environmentally induced freezing of body tissues. | Ice crystals form within; water drawn out of cells into extra cellular space.

Question 40

Risk factors

Answer 40

``` Age Poor general health Fatigue Predisposing medical conditions Certain meds ```

Question 41

Superficial frostbite (frostnip)

Answer 41

Some redness of epidermal tissue, redness, blanching, diminished sensation.

Question 42

Deep frostbite

Answer 42

Epidermal and subcutaneous layers; white appearance, hard (frozen) to palpation, loss of sensation Extremities , head , face

Question 43

Drowning

Answer 43

Respiratory impairment as result of submersion or immersion in liquid

Question 44

Drowning results in

Answer 44

Mortality (death) Morbidity (having medical problems) No morbidity (no problems)

Question 45

Drowning is the ____ most accidental death in the U.S.

Answer 45

Third

Question 46

Surfactant

Answer 46

Substance in alveoli responsible for keeping alveoli open

Question 47

Submerged for less than ___ minutes resuscitate

Answer 47

60

Question 48

Under water ____ min or ____ ; cannot be resuscitated

Answer 48

60 min or less

Question 49

Mammalian dive reflex

Answer 49

02 sent and used only where immediately needed to sustain life

Question 50

Boyle's Law

Answer 50

Volume of gas inversely proportional to its pressure if temperature kept constant -As you increase pressure, gas compressed into smaller space

Question 51

Dalton's Law

Answer 51

Total pressure of mixture of gases equal to sum of partial pressures of individual gases

Question 52

Henry's Law

Answer 52

Amount of gas dissolved in given volume of fluid proportional to pressure of gas above it

Question 53

As diver goes deeper into water, pressure increases, causing more gas to dissolve in blood

Answer 53

Henry's law

Question 54

Gases will have smaller volume because of increased ambient pressure

Answer 54

Boyles law

Question 55

Bends or dysbarism; rapid reduction of air pressure while ascending to surface following exposure to compressed air

Answer 55

Decompression sickness

Question 56

Holding breath during ascent

Answer 56

Pulmonary over pressure

Question 57

Altitude at which high-altitude illnesses start to manifest

Answer 57

2,400 m (8,000 ft)

Question 58

High altitude , hypoxia environment without major distribution of normal O2 transport

Answer 58

(4,900 to 11,500 ft)

Question 59

Unacclimatized person who ascends rapidly at 2,000 meters (6,600ft or greater)

Answer 59

Acute Moutan sickness