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Module 2 > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Amount of filtrate produced by kidneys each minute

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2
Q

Kidneys

A

Organs that produce urine

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3
Q

Ureters

A

Pair of tubes that transfers urine to bladder

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4
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Muscular sac for temporary storage of urine

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5
Q

Urethra

A

Conducts urine to exterior

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6
Q

Hilum

A

Point of entry of renal artery/ point of exit of renal vein and ureter/ into/out of the kidney

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7
Q

Excretion

A

Function of the kidney that involves removing organic waste from body fluids

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8
Q

Elimination

A

Function of kidneys that involves discharge of waste products into the environment

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9
Q

Homeostatic regulation of kidneys

A

Function of kidneys that includes regulation of BP, blood volume, plasma concentrations of ions, stabilization of blood Ph, conservation of nutrients, detoxification.

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10
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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11
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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12
Q

Renal Tubule

A

PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct

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13
Q

PCT

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

DCT

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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15
Q

Mascula densa

A

Cells of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle that contain chemoreceptors to monitor the NaCl content of tubular fluid entering the DCT

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16
Q

Granular cells

A

Enlarges smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole with secretory granules containing renin / also acts as mechanoreceptors to monitor BP of the afferent arteriole

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17
Q

Renin

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I

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18
Q

ACE

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

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19
Q

Effects of Angiotensin II

A

1) peripheral vasoconstriction
2) construction of efferent arteriole
3) release ADH
4) release of aldosterone

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20
Q

Filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure forces water across the filtration membrane in renal corpuscle (Passive)

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21
Q

Reabsorption

A

Removal of water, ions, nutrients from filtrate back into circulation via peritubular capillaries
(Passive or active)

22
Q

Secretion

A

Transport of solutes out of peritubular capillaries and into filtrate (passive or active)

23
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

Pass regulatory signals between macula dense and granular cells

24
Q

Metabolic waste products filtered by kidneys

A

Urea, Uric acid, creatinine

25
Q

Micturition

A

Urination

26
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate

27
Q

Local regulation

Decreased BP

A

Dilation of afferent

Constriction of the efferent

28
Q

Major Decrease in BP MAP

A

Sympathetic activation results in Constriction of the afferent arteriole.
Trying to perfuse the core

29
Q

Minor variation increased BP

A

Constriction of afferent
dilation of efferent
Maintains GFR

30
Q

Osmolarity

A

Number of soultes dissolved in water

31
Q

3 basic functions of the renal system

A

Excretion
Elimination
Homeostatic Regulation

32
Q

Where are the kidneys located in the body? Why are they at risk for injury?

A

Retro perineal, behind the peritoneal cavity

33
Q

How much blood flow reaches the kidneys?

A

20-25% of blood flow goes to the kidneys. Fed with about (1200mL of blood per minute)

34
Q

Renal medulla

A

The inner layer of the kidney.

The medulla is organized into renal pyramids

35
Q

Renal Cortex

A

The outermost layer of the kidneys

36
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

“Catch basin”

Receives urine from from renal pyramid and feeds urine to ureters

37
Q

Nephron

A

Basic functional unit of the kidney
*responsible for filtering the blood, eliminating waste products and other things. Making sure nutrients, water, and ions don’t actually get eliminated from the body.

38
Q

Components of the nephron

A 
Bowman's capsule
PCT
Loop of Henle
DCT
Collection duct
39
Q

The 3 types of waste products eliminated by kidneys are

A

Urea -from breakdown of amino acids
Uric Acid - breakdown in recycling RNA
Creatinine - breakdown of creatinine phosphate

40
Q

What type of capillary is present in glomerulus?

A

Fenestrated capillary - has pore in them on purpose because they want stuff to come out.

41
Q

What happens to the capillaries of the glomerulus with long-term diabetes?

A

It can lead to diabetes nephronpathy , leads to a progressive increase in proteinuria, decline in GFR, hypertension, and a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

42
Q

Renal tubule segments

A 
PCT
Loop of Henle
Descending limb
Ascending thin limb
Ascending think limb
DCT
Collecting duct
43
Q

What are segments of blood flow in the kidneys?

A

Renal artery > afferent arteriole > glomerulus (fenestrated capillary)> efferent arteriole > peri tubular capillary

44
Q

Con current multiplications (Positive freed back)

A

1) Water reabsorption in descending limb
2) Increased solute concentration in ascending and increased solute gradient in ECF
3) Increased NaCl reabsorption in ascending limb
4) Increased water gradient to ECF in descending
5) From thick limb, tubular fluid moves to DCT
6) As

45
Q

Lasix mechansim

A

1) NaCl reabsorption inhibited in ascending thick limb
2) Decreased NaCl reabsorption equals decreased water reabsorption which leads to increased water excretion
3) increased water excretion equals decreased total body water (blood vessels) which equals decreased hydrostatic pressure in systemic vasculature
4) body : osmotic pressure , hydrostatic pressure, h2o flows into vessels which leads to decreased edema.

46
Q

ANP

A

A hormone released by certain cells of the heart atrial that reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium and water retentionp

47
Q

ADH

A

Inhibits diuresis , or urine output

48
Q

Mechanism of ADH

A

Makes the principal cells of the collect duct more permeable to water by causing aquaporins to be inserted to the apical membrane.

49
Q

Mechanism for aldosterone

A

1) Release of Aldosterone triggered by ACTH (increased K+ plasma, and Angiotension 11)
2) Aldosterone diffuses into renal epithalamion cell of DCT/CD
3) increased Na+ and K+ channels in apical surface, and and more basolateral Na+, K+ ATPases

As a result, little or no Na+ leaves the body in urine

50
Q

Micurition Reflex

A

1) 200ml > sensory neurons send message to parasympathetic preganglionic fiber
2) Message relayed to brain > conscious awareness of urge > urinate
3) Post ganglionic parasympathetic > deturssor muscle contraction
4) Urination = If relaxation or external urethral sphincter

*If no relaxation, bladder will relax. Process recycles in 1hr

Module 2 (28 decks)

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