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Module 2 > Digestive Tract > Flashcards

Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contractions of adjacent segments of the digestive tract that propel material forward.

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2
Q

Segmentation

A

Non-adjacent segments of the digestive tract contract and relax, moving material forward and backwards, resulting in mechanical mixing waves

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3
Q

Bile

A

Made of water, ions, bilirubin, cholesterol, and bile salts

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4
Q

Emulsification

A

Bile salts break apart lipid droplets into smaller ones

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5
Q

Haustra

A

Pouches of the large intestine that permit distinction and elongation

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6
Q

Varices

A

Distended collateral veins in lower esophagus, upper stomach, and rectum

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7
Q

Ascites

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure in mesenteric tributaries of hepatic portal veins

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8
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlarged spleen resulting from engorgement with blood

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9
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A

Increased metabolic waste in blood ( elevated ammonia), can cause AMS

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10
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Direct transport of materials absorbed from GI tract to the liver for processing prior to entry into general circulation

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11
Q

Portal hypertension

A

Elevated blood pressure of the portal system resulting from cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis / causes collateral circulation to develop which results in blood bypassing the liver and circulating metabolic waste.

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12
Q

Mesentery

A

Double sheets of serous membrane that anchor points of the digestive tract and provide a pathway for blood vessels and nerves

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13
Q

Digestive tract

A 
Mouth/Teeth/Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum/Anus
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14
Q

Accessory organs

A

Salivary glands
Gallbladder
Liver
Pancreas

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15
Q

Digestive Function

1) Ingestion

A

Food enters mouth & digestive tract

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16
Q

Digestive Function

2) Mechanical processing

A

Physical manipulation of solid food

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17
Q

Digestive Functions

3) Digestion

A

Chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments

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18
Q

Digestive Functions
4) Secretion
(Usually occurs from Accessory organs)

A

Release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers

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19
Q

Digestive Functions
5) Absorption
(Usually occurs in the small intestine)

A

Movement of small molecules, electrolytes, vitamins and water across the digestive lining

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20
Q

Digestive Functions
6) Excretion
(Occurs with Large intestine, rectum, and anus)

A

Removal of waste products from the body

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21
Q

4 Main Layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa
Sub-Mucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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22
Q

Mucosa

A

Inner lining of the digestive tract

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23
Q

Plica

A

Increase the surface area of the inner lining

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24
Q

3 Parts of the mucosa

A

Mucosal Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis mucosae

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25
Q

Mucosal Epithelium

A
  • Stratified squamous (oral cavity, pharynx, Esophagus)

- Simple columnar( stomach, large and small intestine)

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26
Q

Lamina Propia

A

Areole connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerve ending, lymphatic vessels, SMC, secretory mucous glands

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27
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

Two concentric layers of SMC

28
Q

Sub mucosa

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that binds he mucosa to the muscularis externa, contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, and glands

29
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

Two concentric layers of SMC ( inner circular/ outer longitudinal) separated by sensory, and inter neurons of enteric NS

30
Q

Serosa

A

Covers muscularis externa along portions of the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity ( is the visceral peritoneum)

31
Q

Digestive tract aka

A

Alimentary canal

32
Q

Local Control of Digestive tract

A

Chemicals are released into interstitial fluid that affect only a small segment of the digestive tract.
*Paracrine as opposed to endocrine
Ex. Histamine , stomach, release of acid

33
Q

Neural control of the digestive tract

A

Enteric Nervous system - sub mucosa and muscular externa contains nerve fibers.

  • Enteric neurons utilize pacemaker cells and local reflex Arcs to generate GI tract motlity.
  • ANS interacts with ENS
34
Q

Hormonal control of the digestive system

A

At least 18 different hormones are produced by enterendocrine cells (cells of GI tract)
Hormones can increase or decrease sensitivity of SMC to neural command

35
Q

Oral cavity

A

Receives food/lined by mucous membranes

36
Q

Tongue

A

Mechanical processing of food, physical manipulation for cheering sensory analysis

37
Q

Teeth

A

Chewing (mastication)

38
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Parotid
Sublingual (salivary amylase - enzymes that breaks down starches)
Submandibular

39
Q

Pharynx

A

Common passage way for air and food to the digestive tract
Stratified squamous epithelium cells
Contains muscles necessary for swallowing

40
Q

Esophagus

A 
10 inch long
Upper esophageal sphincter
Superior is skeletal
Middle is skeletal/smooth
Inferior is smooth
Lower esophageal sphincter ( cardiac spincter)
41
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

Whole in diaphragm that allows esophagus to pass through

42
Q

Swallowing (Degulation)

A

Voluntary then becomes involuntary
Tongue compacts debris into bolous
Oral phase - compression of bolous against hard plate
Pharyngeal phase - Bolus compacts sensory E in pharynx, initiates contact, forcing food through esophongeal sphincter
Esophageal phase - Bolus is pushed toward stomach (peristalsis)

43
Q

Stomach

A

Rugae - inner folds in empty stomach
Full stomach 1-1.5L
3 muscle layers - oblique, circular, longitudinal

44
Q

4 Functions of the stomach

A
  1. Temporary storage of ingested food
  2. Mechanical breakdown of ingested food
  3. Breakdown of chemical bonds by acids and enzymes (digestion)
  4. Production of intrinsic factor
    - Facilitates with B12 absorption
45
Q

Parietal cells

A

Responsible for secretion of HCL
30-40% is mitochondria (there going to produce CO2 by product)
They utilize it in a certain different way, they convert it to carbonic acid then hydrogen ions
-Histamine and ACH potentates to further release hydrogen ions

46
Q

Zymogen

A

Non functional enzyme

47
Q

Another chemical is released from partial cells is

A

Intrinsic factor

48
Q

Pepsinogen with hydrogen ions =

A

Pepsin (which breaks down protein)

49
Q

Phases of gastric secretion

A 
1st phase (Cephalic phase)
2nd phase (Gastric phase)
3rd phase (Intestinal phase)
50
Q

1st phase (Cephalic phase)

A

There are sensory triggers the Initial gastric secretion to get ready (vagus stimulation)

  • Sight, sounds, smells, of food stimulate vagus nerve - secretion of gastric juice (chyme) mucous, HCL, pepsin(ogen).
  • Lasts a couple of minutes
  • Oral phase = food enters mouth
51
Q

2nd phase (Gastric Phase)

A
  • Arrival of food to stomach
  • Causes stretch, activation of chemoreceptors which triggers mixing waves, generates release of Gastrin (hormone) which causes a release of mucous, HCL, and pepsinogen
  • Causes positive feedback response
52
Q

3rd phase (Intestinal phase)

A

Pyloric sphincter ( separates stomach and first section of small intestine duodenum)

  • when there’s enough stretch it puts pressure on pyloric sphincter it opens
  • The cells of duodenum causes release of somatostatin (GHIH) which inhibits Gastrin and causes a negative feedback of mucous, HCL, and pepsinogen.
  • it also releases bicarbonate
53
Q

Small intestine

A
  • 20ft long

- 90% nutrient absorption

54
Q

retroperitoneal
Receives chyme from stomach (which drops the PH), which causes stretch.
Presence of lipids and proteins causes release of CCK
Receives pancreatic, liver, gallbladder secretions
-10 in long
-upper GI

A

Duodenum

55
Q 
8ft long 
-chemical digestion
-nutrient absorption (pepsin breaks down proteins, lipids carbohydrates) then travels to liver for processing
Monosaccharides 
Disaccharides 
Polysaccharides
A

Jejunum

56
Q

Iileocecalvalve connects small intestine to the large intestine

  • Secretions of small intestine in preparations for food arrival
  • Inhibited by sympathetic activation
A

Ileum

57
Q 
99% exocrine function
1% endocrine function
-pancreatic juice = enzymes and buffers (NaHco3)
Carbohydrates -(carbohydrases)
Lipids - lipase (responsible of lipid breakdown)
Protease - proteins 
Nuclei acids - nuclease
**they all enter through pancreatic duct
A

Pancreas

58
Q

Released due to presence of lipids or partially digested proteins from intestine epithelium cells, then causes the hepatic pancreatic sphincter to open, causes pancreatic enzymes to enter the duodenum to digest proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

59
Q

Glucose, fructose, galactose

A

Monosaccharides

60
Q

Lactose, sucrose, maltose

A

Disaccharides

61
Q

Starches, glycogen, cellulose

A

Polysaccharides

62
Q 
Aka colon
5ft long
Recieves waste from ileocecavalve
Appendix is attached from colon
1st is ascending colon
2nd is transverse colon
3rd is descending colon
Stanoid colon
Rectum
Anus
A

Large intestine

63
Q 
Re absorption of water 
Compaction of fecal matter
Temporary storage of fecal matter
Absorption of bile salts and vitamins 
Absorptions of toxic ( ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, bilirubin)
A

Function of colon

64
Q
  1. Sensory (stretch)
  2. Motor (parasympathetic contraction)
  3. Distention (stretch positive feedback)
    Internal anal sphincter involuntary control
    External anal sphincter voluntary control
    Absorption, movement, defection
A

Defecation

65
Q

Performs most of the livers functions

Metabolism, storage, digestion, and bile production

A

Hepatocytes

Module 2 (28 decks)

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