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Module 2 > Digestive Tract > Flashcards

Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contractions of adjacent segments of the digestive tract that propel material forward.

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2
Q

Segmentation

A

Non-adjacent segments of the digestive tract contract and relax, moving material forward and backwards, resulting in mechanical mixing waves

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3
Q

Bile

A

Made of water, ions, bilirubin, cholesterol, and bile salts

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4
Q

Emulsification

A

Bile salts break apart lipid droplets into smaller ones

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5
Q

Haustra

A

Pouches of the large intestine that permit distinction and elongation

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6
Q

Varices

A

Distended collateral veins in lower esophagus, upper stomach, and rectum

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7
Q

Ascites

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure in mesenteric tributaries of hepatic portal veins

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8
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlarged spleen resulting from engorgement with blood

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9
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A

Increased metabolic waste in blood ( elevated ammonia), can cause AMS

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10
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Direct transport of materials absorbed from GI tract to the liver for processing prior to entry into general circulation

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11
Q

Portal hypertension

A

Elevated blood pressure of the portal system resulting from cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis / causes collateral circulation to develop which results in blood bypassing the liver and circulating metabolic waste.

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12
Q

Mesentery

A

Double sheets of serous membrane that anchor points of the digestive tract and provide a pathway for blood vessels and nerves

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13
Q

Digestive tract

A 
Mouth/Teeth/Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum/Anus
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14
Q

Accessory organs

A

Salivary glands
Gallbladder
Liver
Pancreas

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15
Q

Digestive Function

1) Ingestion

A

Food enters mouth & digestive tract

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16
Q

Digestive Function

2) Mechanical processing

A

Physical manipulation of solid food

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17
Q

Digestive Functions

3) Digestion

A

Chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments

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18
Q

Digestive Functions
4) Secretion
(Usually occurs from Accessory organs)

A

Release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers

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19
Q

Digestive Functions
5) Absorption
(Usually occurs in the small intestine)

A

Movement of small molecules, electrolytes, vitamins and water across the digestive lining

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20
Q

Digestive Functions
6) Excretion
(Occurs with Large intestine, rectum, and anus)

A

Removal of waste products from the body

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21
Q

4 Main Layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa
Sub-Mucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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22
Q

Mucosa

A

Inner lining of the digestive tract

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23
Q

Plica

A

Increase the surface area of the inner lining

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24
Q

3 Parts of the mucosa

A

Mucosal Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis mucosae

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25
Mucosal Epithelium
- Stratified squamous (oral cavity, pharynx, Esophagus) | - Simple columnar( stomach, large and small intestine)
26
Lamina Propia
Areole connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerve ending, lymphatic vessels, SMC, secretory mucous glands
27
Muscularis mucosae
Two concentric layers of SMC
28
Sub mucosa
Dense irregular connective tissue that binds he mucosa to the muscularis externa, contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, and glands
29
Muscularis Externa
Two concentric layers of SMC ( inner circular/ outer longitudinal) separated by sensory, and inter neurons of enteric NS
30
Serosa
Covers muscularis externa along portions of the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity ( is the visceral peritoneum)
31
Digestive tract aka
Alimentary canal
32
Local Control of Digestive tract
Chemicals are released into interstitial fluid that affect only a small segment of the digestive tract. *Paracrine as opposed to endocrine Ex. Histamine , stomach, release of acid
33
Neural control of the digestive tract
Enteric Nervous system - sub mucosa and muscular externa contains nerve fibers. - Enteric neurons utilize pacemaker cells and local reflex Arcs to generate GI tract motlity. - ANS interacts with ENS
34
Hormonal control of the digestive system
At least 18 different hormones are produced by enterendocrine cells (cells of GI tract) Hormones can increase or decrease sensitivity of SMC to neural command
35
Oral cavity
Receives food/lined by mucous membranes
36
Tongue
Mechanical processing of food, physical manipulation for cheering sensory analysis
37
Teeth
Chewing (mastication)
38
Salivary Glands
Parotid Sublingual (salivary amylase - enzymes that breaks down starches) Submandibular
39
Pharynx
Common passage way for air and food to the digestive tract Stratified squamous epithelium cells Contains muscles necessary for swallowing
40
Esophagus
``` 10 inch long Upper esophageal sphincter Superior is skeletal Middle is skeletal/smooth Inferior is smooth Lower esophageal sphincter ( cardiac spincter) ```
41
Esophageal hiatus
Whole in diaphragm that allows esophagus to pass through
42
Swallowing (Degulation)
Voluntary then becomes involuntary Tongue compacts debris into bolous Oral phase - compression of bolous against hard plate Pharyngeal phase - Bolus compacts sensory E in pharynx, initiates contact, forcing food through esophongeal sphincter Esophageal phase - Bolus is pushed toward stomach (peristalsis)
43
Stomach
Rugae - inner folds in empty stomach Full stomach 1-1.5L 3 muscle layers - oblique, circular, longitudinal
44
4 Functions of the stomach
1. Temporary storage of ingested food 2. Mechanical breakdown of ingested food 3. Breakdown of chemical bonds by acids and enzymes (digestion) 4. Production of intrinsic factor - Facilitates with B12 absorption
45
Parietal cells
Responsible for secretion of HCL 30-40% is mitochondria (there going to produce CO2 by product) They utilize it in a certain different way, they convert it to carbonic acid then hydrogen ions -Histamine and ACH potentates to further release hydrogen ions
46
Zymogen
Non functional enzyme
47
Another chemical is released from partial cells is
Intrinsic factor
48
Pepsinogen with hydrogen ions =
Pepsin (which breaks down protein)
49
Phases of gastric secretion
``` 1st phase (Cephalic phase) 2nd phase (Gastric phase) 3rd phase (Intestinal phase) ```
50
1st phase (Cephalic phase)
There are sensory triggers the Initial gastric secretion to get ready (vagus stimulation) - Sight, sounds, smells, of food stimulate vagus nerve - secretion of gastric juice (chyme) mucous, HCL, pepsin(ogen). - Lasts a couple of minutes - Oral phase = food enters mouth
51
2nd phase (Gastric Phase)
- Arrival of food to stomach - Causes stretch, activation of chemoreceptors which triggers mixing waves, generates release of Gastrin (hormone) which causes a release of mucous, HCL, and pepsinogen - Causes positive feedback response
52
3rd phase (Intestinal phase)
Pyloric sphincter ( separates stomach and first section of small intestine duodenum) - when there's enough stretch it puts pressure on pyloric sphincter it opens - The cells of duodenum causes release of somatostatin (GHIH) which inhibits Gastrin and causes a negative feedback of mucous, HCL, and pepsinogen. - it also releases bicarbonate
53
Small intestine
- 20ft long | - 90% nutrient absorption
54
retroperitoneal Receives chyme from stomach (which drops the PH), which causes stretch. Presence of lipids and proteins causes release of CCK Receives pancreatic, liver, gallbladder secretions -10 in long -upper GI
Duodenum
55
``` 8ft long -chemical digestion -nutrient absorption (pepsin breaks down proteins, lipids carbohydrates) then travels to liver for processing Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides ```
Jejunum
56
Iileocecalvalve connects small intestine to the large intestine * Secretions of small intestine in preparations for food arrival * Inhibited by sympathetic activation
Ileum
57
``` 99% exocrine function 1% endocrine function -pancreatic juice = enzymes and buffers (NaHco3) Carbohydrates -(carbohydrases) Lipids - lipase (responsible of lipid breakdown) Protease - proteins Nuclei acids - nuclease **they all enter through pancreatic duct ```
Pancreas
58
Released due to presence of lipids or partially digested proteins from intestine epithelium cells, then causes the hepatic pancreatic sphincter to open, causes pancreatic enzymes to enter the duodenum to digest proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
CCK (cholecystokinin)
59
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Monosaccharides
60
Lactose, sucrose, maltose
Disaccharides
61
Starches, glycogen, cellulose
Polysaccharides
62
``` Aka colon 5ft long Recieves waste from ileocecavalve Appendix is attached from colon 1st is ascending colon 2nd is transverse colon 3rd is descending colon Stanoid colon Rectum Anus ```
Large intestine
63
``` Re absorption of water Compaction of fecal matter Temporary storage of fecal matter Absorption of bile salts and vitamins Absorptions of toxic ( ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, bilirubin) ```
Function of colon
64
1. Sensory (stretch) 2. Motor (parasympathetic contraction) 3. Distention (stretch positive feedback) Internal anal sphincter involuntary control External anal sphincter voluntary control Absorption, movement, defection
Defecation
65
Performs most of the livers functions | Metabolism, storage, digestion, and bile production
Hepatocytes

Module 2 (28 decks)

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