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Primate Study (Actual) > Reproductive strategies > Flashcards

Reproductive strategies Flashcards

1
Q

Polygyny Threshold Model definition

A

The polygyny threshold model is an explanation of polygyny, the mating of one male of a species with more than one female.

The model shows how females may gain a higher level of biological fitness by mating with a male who already has a mate.

Contrasts ‘monogamy’ to ‘polygyny’; point where the threshold of environmental/reproductive fitness intersects and choice of forming polygyny

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2
Q

who came up with the polygyny threhold model

A

Orians 1969

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3
Q

explain the Polygyny Threshold Model

A

‘better to be the second wife of a rich man than the only wife of a poor man:
HR male=good territory/better genes + reproductive success
LR Male= bad terrirotry + lower reproductive success

  1. first female gets HR male
  2. second femalee gets MR male
  3. third female; either settle for LR male or become second female for HR male as the reproductive success will be the same
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4
Q

where is the Polgyny Threshold Model commen

A 
in birds (peacocks)
in humans
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5
Q

when is polygyny likely to develop

A

when different quality territories exist= hence males can monopolize territories

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6
Q

why do non-polygynous groupings occur?

A
  1. mate-defense: males cant monopolize a batch of females against competitiors
  2. resource-defense: females unqilling to settle with an already-paired male/need parental support
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7
Q

why would males prefer polygynous systems

A

as they have to invest less than females

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8
Q

how do males monopolize females

A

mate defense: males go where females are

resource defense: females to where males control resources

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9
Q

when would females desynchronize fertility?

A

female-female sperm competition reduced

creates polygyny

increase paternity uncertainity

redeuce infanticide

reduce food ceomptition with males

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10
Q

what kind of competition do males engage in

A

contest competition for females; as its an ‘aool or nothing’ situation (fertilization cant be shared)

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11
Q

when does mate scramble competitio noccur

A
  1. when mates are abundant in a given space (polgyny/polyandry)
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12
Q

what defines reproductive strategies

A

behavioral, morphological, and physiological adaptations that facilitate access to potential mates, improve the chances of mating and fertilization, and enhance infant survival.

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13
Q

what is male reproductive success limited by

A

the amount of fertile females they can access

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14
Q

what is the ideal male reproductive strategy

A

rapid sexual maturation, followed by life-long exclusive access to an unlimited number of fertile females willing to mate, and offspring survival should be independent of paternal care.

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15
Q

socionomic sex ratio

A

the proportion of males and females ready to mate at a given time

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16
Q

male reproductive skew

A

the partitioning of fertilizations among males

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17
Q

Priority-of-access models

A

a positive relation between rank and reproductive success)

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18
Q

what does socio ecological theory propose

A

Socio-ecological theory predicts that the distribution of receptive females in space and time is the main predictor of males’ ability to monopolize fertilization opportunities

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19
Q

when females are solitary (dispersed)

A

individual males defend exclusive access to only one (monogamy) or several females ( disperesed polygyny)

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20
Q

when females are in groups (clumped)

A

one male can monopolize multiple females (polygyny)

or multiple males can form a group with multiple females (polygynandry)

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21
Q

what infleunces the spatio0temporal distrubiton of females

A

spatial; distribution of food in space

temporal; whether their ovulation/fertility is synchronized

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22
Q

example of clumped polygyny

A

jodhur langurs which are provisionsed where females are desyncrhonized

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23
Q

example of clumped polygyandry

A

ramnagar langurs where food is seasonal where females are synchronized

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24
Q

spatially dispresed chimps

A

females are monopolized by male alliances/coalitions

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25
Q

spatially dispresed orangutans

A

female reproduction monoipolized by one male and fertility is desynchronized

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26
Q

spatially dispresed gibbons

A

monogamous groupings but extra pair copulations may happen

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27
Q

what are male-alliance polygyandry?

A

when groups of males (brother bands) control territories to which FEMALES migrate to (nonnatal philopatries);
female choice is governed by who has the nicest territories e.g. in chimps

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28
Q

explain the age variation of female reproductive performance

A

Middle-aged= produce the most offspring as
young moms have higher birth intreveals and fertility declines with ages

thus high ranking, middle aged females produce the most offspring

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29
Q

what is a ‘strategy’

A

a set of behaviours in a specific functional context as a product of natural selection, to increase reprodutive success

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30
Q

name three identity factors that influence female reprodutive success

A
  1. age (middle age= better success)
  2. longetivity (live longer= produce more)
  3. rank (high dominance= produce more)
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31
Q

Barton-Whiten Study?

A

studied olive baboons; found that high ranking females have a 30% more food intake letting them have more reproductive success

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32
Q

intrasexual sexlection examples

A

sexual dimorphism

larger body size, canine, teeth and weapons enhance male competitive ability

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33
Q

where is sexual dimorphism greater?

A

in polygynous/polyamarous groupings because of higher competition

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34
Q

how does intrasexual sexlection work on polygyandrous groupings

A

sperm competition; EPCS mean that a male with MORE SPERM and bigger BALLS can have more fertilization success

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35
Q

cooperative breeding systems

A

in marmosets and tamarins;
dominant pair (habitual twinning and short birth intrevals) and helps
polygyandrous groupings; more males help increase female fertility

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36
Q

evidence for infanticide

A
  1. infanticide associated with change in male residence status in polygynous groups
  2. males kill infants to end lactational ammehnorea
  3. males kill only non-related infants
  4. infancidical males then recieve reproductive benefits
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37
Q

Sarah Hrdy Sexual Selection Infanticide Hypothesis

A

infanticide occurs to stop female lactation ammehnorea to allow for males to copulate with females

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38
Q

Naturallistic Fallacy

A

sommer; tendency to assume what we seen in nature is RIGHT and derive moral meaning from the natural world

‘just because it IS doesnt mean it ought to be’

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39
Q

female response to infanticide

A
  1. bruce effect (terminate prengancies themselves)
  2. extra-pair copulations; mate with several males to create patertnity uncertainity
  3. form alliances with other males to protect infants
  4. concealed ovulation (continue mating when pregnant)
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40
Q

where do females form alliances to prevent infanticide

A

baboons!

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41
Q

Mate guarding

A

a male prevents a female from mating with other males by maintaining close proximity during her receptive period

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42
Q

stress hormones in lr and hr males

A

subordinate males= higher stress hormones in baboons

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43
Q

why might a mother change her behaviour with her children

A

to encourage them to become more inedpenent (less nursing, travelling alone, etc)

or for children to wean to allow for lactation to reoocur

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44
Q

sexual selection theory

A

(darwin) “the advantageous traits some individuals ahve over others in the same sex to increase reproductive success”

explains role of useless traits as giving advantages to certain invidiauls of the same sex to secure rproduction

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45
Q

law of battle

A

competition for access of a mate against others

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46
Q

attraction methods

A

to entice choice

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47
Q

female olive baboon sexual swellings: two hypothesis

A
  1. pagel reliable indiciator hypothesis
  2. nunns graded signal hypothesis

(study by higham 2008)

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48
Q

pagel reliable indiciator hypothesis

A

males select for biggest swelling as it shows female fitness (phermone advertisment)
attraction benefits for both individuals and offspring

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49
Q

nunns graded signal hypothesis

A

female swelling size; indicates ovulation likelihood
(visual aid)
olive baboon study= size a determinant

50
Q

best reproductive strategy for when females are in groups for a male

A

find the group with the most females= results in high male to male compotetition

51
Q

benefits of reproductive seasonality

A

makes females less vulernable to male aggression

decreases male competition till mating season (sexual dimorphism becomes seasonsa)

52
Q

mate competition types

A 
endurance rivaraly
scramble competition
contest compeittion
reproductive supression
sperm compeittion
cryptic female choice
53
Q

mate choice stages

A

precopulatory choice (behaviour)
post copulatory choice (cryptic choice)
post fertilization choice (gamete selction)

54
Q

Bateman-Trivers 1972 Theory

A

sexual selection is controlled by relative parental investment of sexes in young= so members that invest more are themselves a limited resource

55
Q

when do males have monopoloy in choice

A
  • long term desire
  • quality female variation (polygyny)
  • monopolize resources
56
Q

clutton brock vincent 1999 theory

A

differents in POTENTIAL reproductive roles of males and females predict the VARIATION in the strength of sexual selection

57
Q

fisherian ‘runaway selection’ hypthesis

A

traits are selected for by females which then makes those traits more abundant/selected for

a positive feedback loop in which a particular trait is desired by a female and present in a male, and that desire for and presence of that particular trait are then reflected in their offspring.[20] If this mechanism is strong enough, it can lead to a type of self-reinforcing coevolution

a sexual selection mechanism proposed by the mathematical biologist Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century, to account for the evolution of exaggerated male ornamentation by persistent, directional female choice.

58
Q

good genes hypothesies

A

the traits females choose when selecting a mate are honest indicators of the male’s ability to pass on genes that will increase the survival or reproductive success of her offspring

59
Q

handicap principle

A

costly traits are chosen before as it shows the reproductive fitness of a mate to be able to produce those

60
Q

heterozygosity hypothesis

A

dissailmiar traits are chosen to inrease variation and avoid inbreeding/mutations

61
Q

genetic compability hypothesis

A

Genetic compatibility refers to how well the genes of two parents function together in their offspring. Choosing genetically compatible mates could result in optimally fit offspring and notably affect reproductive fitness (led by phermonenes to find ‘good sperm)

62
Q

sensory bias hypothesis

A

the preference for a trait evolves in a non-mating context and is then exploited by the less choosy sex in order to obtain more mating opportunities. (PREEXISTING BIAS SELECTION)

The competitive sex evolves traits that exploit a pre-existing bias that the choosy sex already possesses.

This mechanism is thought to explain remarkable trait differences in closely related species because it produces a divergence in signaling systems which leads to reproductive isolation.

63
Q

chase away hypothesis

A

exaggerated traits are chosen for to overcome female bias (avoids diminished attraction of homogenous males= variance)

64
Q

aesthethic hypothesis

A

Richard Drum 2017; ‘evolution of beauty’ theory (not all traits adaptive but aesthethic)

65
Q

fertilization insurance hypothesis

A

females copulate with multiple males to ensure proper reproductive success

66
Q

Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis

A

posits that sexual ornaments are indicators of parasite- and disease-resistance.

67
Q

sexy son hyoppthesis

A

The sexy son hypothesis in evolutionary biology and sexual selection—proposed by Ronald Fisher in 1930—states that a female’s ideal mate choice among potential mates is one whose genes will produce male offspring with the best chance of reproductive success.

68
Q

direct benefits of being choosy

A

increase the fitness of the choosy sex through direct material advantages or resources. (CHOOSY SEX GETS RESOURCES)

These benefits include but are not limited to:

increased territory quality,

increased parental care,

increased protection from predators.

69
Q

indirect benefits of being choosy

A

increase genetic fitness for the offspring, and thereby increase the parents’ inclusive fitness. (CHOOSY SEX GETS GENES)

high-quality genes for their offspring (known as adaptive indirect benefits)

or genes that make their offspring more attractive (known as arbitrary indirect benefits

70
Q

what are indicator hypothesis?

A

‘good genes’ hypothesis;

include the hamilton zuk (disease) and good genes

71
Q

what is the baldwin effect?

A

the hypothesis that adaptive learning (i.e., learning to improve fitness) accelerates genetic evolution of the phenotype (by James Mark Baldwin)

72
Q

what is the baldwin effect?

A

the hypothesis that adaptive learning (i.e., learning to improve fitness) accelerates genetic evolution of the phenotype (by James Mark Baldwin)

73
Q

what type of mate do females prefer

A 
dominant males
friendly males 
individual variance (aboid inbreeding, subjective pretty traits)
74
Q

why dont brown capuchins go for the top ranks

A

brown capuchins cant control resources hence females dont go for top ranks

75
Q

why do females go for domiannt males

A

as they can control resources

76
Q

how are rhesus monkeys the exeption to choose dominant males

A

rhesus macaques select young males that might achieve top rank as opposed to already dominant ones

females might not hence be PREFERRED by dominant males and only monopolized by them

77
Q

prostitution hypothesis

A

sex for food/services

78
Q

just wann have fun hpothesis

A

sexual pleasure motivates fertliziation

79
Q

why might females copulate outside mating systems/ovulatory window

A

prostitution hypothesis

just wann have fun hpothesis

80
Q

example of cryptic female choice

A

sexual swellings peak during ovulation to demonstrate females want to fertilize= allow for females to control WHEN men can fertilize eggs

81
Q

what does EMSOMS stand for

A

ecological model of social organization and mating systems decided by:

resources + risks—> female distributions— Male strategies

82
Q

what do male strategies depend on with dispersed females

A

infant care

defenseibility of a female

83
Q

what do male strategies depend on in grouped females

A

ability to monopolize the females;

  • number of females
  • spatio temportal receptive perios
84
Q

in haplorrhines; what is more important for primate mating systems

A

spatiotemporal distrubiton of females

85
Q

in strepsirhiness; what is more important for the sexual recpetivie of females

A

sexual recpetiivy of a female

86
Q

types of primate relationships

A

aggressive (biolent, dominance, hierarchial)

nonaggressive (grooming, mutalism, cooperation)

87
Q

when does male-male competition relax

A

females dominant
high access to females
male infant care participation occurs

88
Q

territoriality

A

protecting and maintaing access to an exclusive area for resourece and mate defense

89
Q

costs of territoriatliy

A

constant vigiliance
regular advertisiment of presencne
defend ranges against intrudors

90
Q

higham 2008 studied

A

olive baboon sexual swellings to evaluate nunns and pagels hypothesis

91
Q

girls just wanna hav efun hypothesis

A

sex for pleasure

92
Q

nulliparous

A

0 births

93
Q

primiparours

A

1 birth

94
Q

multiparaous

A

more than one birth

95
Q

types of pregnances in a females ontogensis

A

nulligravida (0)
primigravida (1)
multigravida (more than one)

96
Q

female…. affect male to male competition

A

grouping patterns
syncrocitiy
reproductive traits/rates
mate choices

97
Q

uni-male groups

A

evict natal males and defend against beacholor dispersed males

(low intragroup, high intergroup competition)

98
Q

mult- male groups

A

high within group; low intergrouup

99
Q

examples of dispersed-kin based coalitions

A

ring tailed lemurs

perruvian squireel monkeys

100
Q

dispersed males

A

more likely to be paternal kin

join maternal brtoehrs based on age similiarities

101
Q

when can high ranking individuals NOT monopolize access to females

A
  1. fluid female grouping patterns (chimps and spider monkeys)
  2. when males cant keep track of all their reproductive conditions
  3. synchronize female cycle (lemurs, langurs, squirrel monkeys)
102
Q

life history of a male; changes

A
  1. male fighting abilities
  2. presence of allies
  3. potential allies
103
Q

where is rank imporant for males

A

in hierarchial societies

104
Q

where is rank not important for males

A

in philopatries/weak dominant societies where female schoice, indviidual intiative and maternal support is more important

105
Q

advantages to staying in a natal group

A
  1. less external competition (closed group membership)

2. no problems of gaining access to females within the group

106
Q

how are hierarchial societies maintained

A

aggresive interactions

epc

107
Q

why are male hierarchies less stable than female matrilines

A
  • rank reversals
  • challenges of LR males
  • males dont inherit rank
  • unclear paternity uncertainity
108
Q

spider monkey social system

A

central america/mexico;

  1. males spend more time grooming
  2. males interact more aggresivley too
  3. coalitions ‘gang up’ on females (assert dominance despite lack of dimophirsm)
  4. alpha males have mating priviliges
109
Q

bonobo social system

A
  1. eglterian system, patrillinieal
  2. maternal sypport affects the sons rank
  3. female bonobos give confusing sexual cues about ovulation= so harder to monopolize= less aggression in group
110
Q

muriqiui social system

A
  1. no evidence of atagonistic hierarhcy as males cant monpolize females
  2. female choice more important= they wmit mating calls when read to mate/let mates inspect their genitals (phermomnoes)
  3. females freely switch males= hence high sperm competition
111
Q

why are maternal brothers more likely to be friends than paternal brothers

A

birth intrevals; creates age differences= les likelyl to reconize each other as kin

112
Q

why do chimps work hard to cultivate alliances

A
  1. for solidarity in between group competition
  2. for rank reversals and social climbing
  3. to get female help (as females might interact on behalf of males in antagonistc disbutes such asin the zoo but not in the wild)
113
Q

Bonobos and rank inheriratnce; congo

A

no strict linear hierarhcy: depends on mother and male age

  1. males born when mom was young have higher rank
  2. males born when mom was old have lower rank
  3. older males have higher rank
114
Q

mountain gorillas: homosexual vs heterosexual groups

A
  1. hetero sexual= more aggression/dominance

2. homosexual= more grooming/sex/egalitarian

115
Q

relationship of multi-male hetereosexual groups to females

A

1 more proximity/grooming of females to dominant male
2 older males support daughters more
3. stronger relationships to FEMALES than each other regardless of kinship

found in: mountain gorillas, red howler monkeys and hamadryas baboons

116
Q

yellow baboons

A

immigrants have higher cortisoal levels than group

as they are dispresed males

117
Q

japanese macaques and rank

A

unrelated multimales= ranks with male age

in small/lowresidence group= less likely to form coalitions so more movement nad hence more male grooming

118
Q

chacma baboons and rank challenges

A

usually males more likely to challenges males of a ssimilar rank OR two mr/lr males join together to challenge higher ranking males

119
Q

why is there a lo tof rank reversal in ring tailed lemurs

A

as females are dominant

afflitiations are short and not determined by age and residency

120
Q

how do hanuman monkeys gain success in a group

A

ability to maintain residency in group and aboid female extra group copulaionts as 25% of males never access a female

121
Q

monogamous groups; what is one of the key issues when considering to cheat?

A
  1. cheat and gain more fertilizations; but deal with more unrelated males/sons
  2. be loyal and guard male; protect infants

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