Conservation Flashcards
name some threats to primates
- habitat destruction (i.e. deforestation, burning, selective logging)
- hunting pressures
- biomedical research
- zoos/poaching/bushmeat
- climate change
- industrial activities
- zoonosis
what type of primate is more at risk
folivoourous primates due to low reproducition rates and habitat-reliance (higher population denesitieis)
frugiovorus in contrast have higher lower population densities
what is one primate adaptation response
guensons in congo drop to undergrowth now as opposed to trees when fleeing in canopy
what is one of the negative effects of having less primates?
lack of pollinators/dispereses= shit ecocystem
value of primates to humans/
understand HIV
understand our evolutionary history
play a key role in ecology
what type of primate has actually increased in response to deforestation
black macaques in logged forests= migrate to cities and predators are gone= increased population growth
poistive affect of selective logging on primates
- creates caps in vegetations= results in heteregenous growth= variety of foods (proteins, fibre) is good for GENERALIST primates
i. e. why brown colobus monkeys arent fine but red colobus are in Kibale National Park
why do hunting pressures increase with logging pressures
increased demand for workers for meat= logging raids remove forest to make it easier to hunt
- higher demand for bushmeat
affect of climate change
foods decline and ecocystem shift
seasonal breeding
increased fire risk
less rain fall
affect of disease on primates
increased by climate change increaes zoonosis (hiv, etc) as apes more suspesitory to human respisatory diesaes
i.e. ebola killed 90% of lowland gorillas in 2004 congo
conservation policies type
- economic incentivies
- increase public awareness
- policy-making/NGO
primates that create agricultural damange?
- japanese macaques
- long tailed macaques
sustainable forest management cons
costs of preservation usually not enough to actually work
ecotourism cons
is unreliable as itself is damaging/unpredictable (natural disasters, war)
increases zoonosis, humanization and pollution
humanization risk and animal welfare (mental health anad violence)
higher infanty mortailiy in zoos
nutrition issues (tourists feed)
cirvuziation
possible international incentive success?
debt exchange for conservation in international icnentivies like in costa rica
education pgorammes pros
stimulate conservation
research
e.g. roots and shoots foundation
what do ngos do?
influence policy making
increase reserach
support conservation
engage in sponsership for local initiatives 9IUCN )
pool information toeter for access/awareness
factiliate dialouge with government
what happens to displaced primates?
- rescue
- translocation
- rehabillitation
- release
ethical considerations of release sites
tend to be far away from human settlements with natural resources
(issue when little habitat left + how to protect the land)
issue of WHERE to release (speciation?)
transolation
when wild adults enter a human space and local authoriies/ngos dart, net and health check the animal and place them back to their space (displaced animals)
release sites?
special protected natural habitat where they are release
rehabillitation
process of helping primates recover and gain surivval skills and then slowly reintegrating them into their natural habitat
commonly displaced primates?
macaques gibbons lorises howler monkeys orangutatns
issues in sumatra + borneo
high deforestation (industry, mining, palm oil) high habitat destruction palm oil fire and industrial agriculture hunting pet trade poach zoo trade
palm oil: approaches?
in many common prouducts (EU CHINA INdia)
- boycott
- sustainable palm oil
why is hunting less in sumatra
islamic taboo of eatinb bushmeat
why are orangutatns traded
seen as a status symbol in HR officials
human-wildlife conflict (i.e. displaced primates in palm oil plantations)
orangutatn habitats
rain forests
peat forests
types of orangutans
pongo pygmaes (bornean)
pongo abelii (sumatran)
pongo tapanulerisis (Bathan Toro)
tracking ethical issues
difficult
expensive
means that normally its difficult to ‘track’ surivval success of released primates
orangutatn release considerations
competition vs overcrowding vs reproductive needs
with limited territory;
where to release without disrupting orangutan social structure? (they are territorial/have their own areas)
where to release where there ARENT alreayd orangutants there?
acceptability to release different species in an area? (purity conservation: borenan vs sumatran)
pros of ecotourism
education
outreach
awareness
gives economic value to orangutans and allows for funding
funding ethics
centres are underfunded
thus is it ok to accept money from palm oil companies as it delegates their responsbility
‘unreleasable’ ethics
- danger, disease, disaability and social behaviour; should these be euthanized or money be spent on keeping them in zoos/alive/further rehab?
great ape project
by peter singer and paola cavalieri; aims to gain apes with basic personhood rights
- -> against speciciem
- -> employes the use of ‘guardians’ to speak as legal safegurads for primates (like with infants/disablied people)
- -> sees human expansion of equality as a historical process (UN declaration of human rights, sivil rights slavery)
–> wants to get rid of animal experimitation and attribute personhood rights (right to life, liberty and prohibition of torture)
orion o’neill and deontological anthropocentrism
an instrumentalist approach; humans are the primary subjects but its in their interests to pursue and preserev a good ecoyststem;
mark sagoff 1984 quote
‘environmentalista cant be animal liberationists and animal liberationstis cant be environmentalists’
peter singer + animal liberation 1975
deontological theory; rejects specisicms
sees an individual as having rights base don capacity to suffer
aldo leopold and land ethic
utaliitarian/consequentalist theory; holistic value of the biotic community (1999)
humans have a moral responsibile to natural world BALANCE
hill and webber 2010: naturalistic fallacy quote
primate behaviour is often meaured with the same moral/social frameworks as humans where boundaries are progressed and they are subjected to human cultural norms
humanists
restrict personhood to humans
post-humanists
give personhood to animals based on their sentience, agency and complex cognititon skills
