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Primate Study (Actual) > Group Living > Flashcards

Group Living Flashcards

1
Q

advantages of group living

A

increased protection/defense against predators/conspecifics/species

more food resources finding capability

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2
Q

4 ‘d’ of group living pros (predator)

A
  1. Defense.
  2. Dilution
  3. Deterrence
  4. Detection
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3
Q

cons of group livign

A

within group competition for food/mates

being more conspicious to predators

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4
Q

what is group living affected by

A

predator pressure
spatio-temporal food/mate availability
population density and demogrpahics
social skills and cognition

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5
Q

Fision-fussion groups

A

when groups split into smaller parties and reunite in daily fluctiations .eg. chimps or spider monkesy

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6
Q

Cohesive groups

A

always stay together e.g. savanna baboons

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7
Q

example of fluctuating group size patterns

A
  1. Senegalese chimps; form larger groups for long-distance travels

2 Brazillian Northern Muriqui: group size is fluid as size increases

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8
Q

what are primate group COMPOSTIONS affected by

A
  1. patterns of disperal

2. ratio of female to male (socioeconomic sex ratio)

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9
Q

patterns of dispersal…

A

whether:

  1. individuals leave a group
  2. individuals form another group
  3. if individuals join an already formed group
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10
Q

male-based dispersal examples

A

old world macaques

baboons

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11
Q

female-based dispersal examples

A

prosimians (lemurs, loris)

apes

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12
Q

philopatric

A

remaining in natal group

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13
Q

matrilocal

A

females stay in maternal group and mates become residents in female resident group
e.g. macaques and baboons

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14
Q

patrilocal

A

males stay in natal group and females become residents in male resident groups (virilocality)

e.g. muriquis and chimps

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15
Q

affect of familitarty on groups

A
  • increases alliances

- reduces aggression

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16
Q

matrilinine

A

derivation of lineage through the mother instead of the father; social group revolving around female kinship

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17
Q

patrilline

A

derivation of lineage through the father instead of the mother; social group revolving around male kinship

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18
Q

Female philopatry

A

a social system in which females remain in the groups or home ranges in which they were born while males leave at sexual maturity;

this means that a group of females is related it some way - sisters, mothers, aunts, or cousins and these females attract unrelated males

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19
Q

Male philopatry

A

a social system in which males remain in the groups or home ranges in which they were born while females leave at sexual maturity; this means that a group of males is related it some way - brothers, fathers, uncles, or cousins and these males attract unrelated females

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20
Q

group selection

A

wyne-edwards 1980s;

altruistic bheaviour enhances the fitness of the WHOLE group hence is selected for

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21
Q

paradigm of group selection

A
  1. cheaters would outcompete altruists
  2. not enough genetic variances among groups
  3. GS can only occur if groups vary in ability to reproduce and variation is inheritable
  4. change/migration occurs

towards individual selection: indivudal selection allows for more of an advantages as more variation among individuals than groups

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22
Q

examples of altruistic acts

A

grooming
predator warning
food sharing

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23
Q

mutualism

A

‘win win’ situations between actors-recipitents

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24
Q

example of cooperation in cercopithecines?

A

male baboon coalitions in east africa:

2 medium rank males will join to get rid of one high ranking male for access to a female.

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25
Q

hamiltons rule

A

RV>C
R= relatedness of actor and recipitents
B= sum of fitness benefits to all individuals
C= costs of fitness to individual actors

(altruistic behaviours favoured be selection of the costs of behaviour as less than the benefits gained Xrelatedenesdds between the actors and recipitent)

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26
Q

kin selection

A

natural selectino favours alturistic behaviour in kins

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27
Q

what has to happen for reciprocal altruism to work

A
  1. proximity/more interaction
  2. repetitive behaviour
  3. ability for behaviour to be reciprocated
  4. more likely in kin
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28
Q

how might kin recognize each other

A
  • contextual/social cues (age/familitarity/proximity similarity)
  • phenotypic matching (smell and likeness)
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29
Q

examples of kin recognition

A

moms sniff infants to become aware of their smell

siblings recognize mom/each other due to close interactions

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30
Q

paternal recognition: previous paradigm

A

tends to be thouht fathers cant recognized kin because
A. pair bonds are uncommon,
B. paternity uncertainity

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31
Q

revision of paternal kin recognition

A

a. male baboons recognize offspring
b. Altmann theory: age measured (infants born at same time); hence paternal infants tend to be nicer to each other
c. Widdig theory: rhesus monkeys; feamles have affinity for half sibilings (more grooming and proximity)

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32
Q

hypothesis for why primates live in groups

A
  1. wrangham resource defense 1979
  2. van shaik predator defense 1983
  3. dunbar synthethic model of group size
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33
Q

what can a subordinate male do in a dominance hierarchy

A

forming coalitions against higher-ranking male
forming temporary friendships with females that confer mating privileges
mating surreptitiously (safari/rape)
Dispersal to another group with better reproductive prospects provides a

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34
Q

evidnece that social bonds are important?

A
  • better social integreation= succesful reproduction
  • more time is preserved for socializing as it can ovveride rank (female baboons)
  • high cortsil in mourning female baboons
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35
Q

reproductive tradeoffs

A

quality of care vs the number of offspring produced

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36
Q

in groups without pair bonds, what does male success depend on?

A

ability to access females (unrelated) and obtain a mating

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37
Q

why is dispersel stressful to males

A

more vulernable to predators
low access to females
male to male competition

38
Q

dispersal technques of males

A
  1. pre-dispersal migration; scope out other groups for female/male
  2. migrate alone
  3. migrate as peers
39
Q

kin dispersing males examples

A

ring tailed lemurs

squirrell monkeys

40
Q

transfer male examples

A

VERVET MONKEYS

41
Q

UNI MALE GROUPS; what do they do?

A

COMPETE FOR RESOURCES

42
Q

bachelor male examples

A

ethiopian gelada baboons challenge resident males to take over social group
limited group size= as other males want to mate too

43
Q

multi-male groups; how are they regulated

A
  • conflict for group membership and access to females
  • regulated by dominance relationships
  • males leave to avoid inbreeding
44
Q

why do males and females form friendships?

A
  1. secure offspring development/surival
  2. prevent infnaciide
  3. secure mating posbility
  4. increase own access to food
  5. increase paternity certainity
45
Q

wild chacma baboons study

A

show that there are genetic ties between a male and his friend’s infant (higham 2008)

46
Q

girls just wanna hav efun

A

access to resources includes acces to pleasure

47
Q

fertilization insurance hypothesis

A

females engage in EPC to ensure access to ‘good sperm’ and avoid inbreeding

48
Q

bateman trivers 1972 hypothesis

A

sexual selection is controlled by relative parental investment of both sexes to create genetic diversity (mutual choice mechanism)

49
Q

where do males co-parent

A

humans
baboons
callitridicids

50
Q

when do males co parents

A

when there is high paternity confience and the cost of caring outweights the costs of refusing to help

51
Q

what is an alloparent

A

any individual other than the parent that assists in the care of dependent young, the individual may or may not be genetically related to the young

52
Q

Fission-fusion social group

A

a social grouping pattern in which individuals form temporary small parties (also called subgroups) whose members belong to a larger community (or unit-group) of stable membership; there can be fluid movement between subgroups and unit-groups such that group composition and size changes frequently

53
Q

Female philopatry

A

a social system in which females remain in the groups or home ranges in which they were born while males leave at sexual maturity; this means that a group of females is related it some way - sisters, mothers, aunts, or cousins and these females attract unrelated males

54
Q

age graded group

A

an intermediate primate group type between single-and multi-male, in which there are fewer males per female than in true multi-male groups, and a linear dominance hierarchy operates among males that corresponds to age (Parnell 2002)

55
Q

selfish gene theory

A

A model of evolution, a gene’s eye view of natural selection. Genes are replicators, individuals are their vehicles. Replicators make copies of themselves. Successful replicators make more copies than unsuccessful replicators. Improved vehicles (bodies) promote their success.

56
Q

allopatric species

A

Species that live in different geographic areas. For example, common chimpanzees and bonobos are allopatric (cf Sympatric).

57
Q

altruism

A

A behavior that costs the doer and benefits others. Anthropology 60 Teaching Assistants are the only true altruists known to exist.

58
Q

concealed ovulation

A

no signs of ovulation (e.g., no estrus swellings). In humans, females are unaware when they are ovulating.

59
Q

group selection

A

A model of evolution. Some researchers believe that natural selection can favor traits benefiting groups to the disadvantage of individuals. Selection at the group level is expected to be weaker than selection at the individual level because groups do not reproduce as quickly as individuals and because group altruism can not resist the introduction of “selfish individuals.” Do not confuse group selection with kin selection.

60
Q

Kin selection:

A

A model of the evolution of cooperative behavior. Individuals help relatives because relatives share genes. By helping relatives to survive and reproduce, individuals are helping perpetuate copies of their genes. Do not confuse kin selection with group selection.

61
Q

critique of wrangham/vanshaik- Ecological Model of Female Social Relationships

A

Thierry:

  • overemphaisis competition
  • implies indepdnence form phylogenetic variation
  • doesnt acknowledge male support role/choice in female success
  • doesnt look at parasite effect on group density
  • doesnt look at interspecies variations of cognition that determine social relations/surivival skills
  • doesnt look at ancestral/phylogenetic reasons
62
Q

what does scramble (within group) limit

A

the group size (low resources, high dispersal= needs equality)

63
Q

what does between group scramble limit

A

population density in given area

64
Q

why are alpha males in polyandrous systems more tolerant

A

in tamarins for example; tolerance results due to increase opportunity to females and as a way to avoid aggression

65
Q

social structure of polyandrogyny

A

dominance hierarchies within groups for hierarchial rank
kinship collective formations (alliances)
some sexual dimorphism and variance
higher sperm competition (as alternative to aggrsesion)

66
Q

why do female chimps mate promisciously

A
  • to cinrease fertilization chances (go on safari!)
67
Q

monandry definition

A

pattern of mating in which a female has only one mate at a time

68
Q

polyspecific associations

A

when members of 1+ species modify behaviour to accompany/collaborate with members of anoyher species

69
Q

why would a primate form a polyscpeific association

A

when the costs of alterin behaviour is less than the benefits of forming the association

occurs when:

  1. multi-species migration (fission fussion)
  2. fragemented forests= hard to find conspecics
  3. mutually benefificial to increase group size without increase group size of consepecicis (less intragroup competition)
  4. for food aquisition or predator defense
70
Q

advantages of small and large primates forming an association

A

small primates= agility and ‘swamming’ (large groups form large biomass)

large primates= slower but stronger/better against predators

71
Q

foraging benefits of polyspecific associations

A

overlapping diets
higher feed rate in relaxed individual variance
increased ability to localte/defnd COMMON resources
avoid revisiting food patches
gain access to previously inaccesible food

72
Q

predator defense benefits of polyspecific associations

A

environment scanning techniques

different body/defense mechanisms

73
Q

squirrel and capuchin monkey polyspecific association example

A

FOR RESOURCES:
capuchins are large and strong
squirelles can gain access to palm nuts

hence capuchins= crack the nuts

74
Q

red colobus and diana monkey polyspecific association

A

in tai national forest; chimps are predators

strong red colobus act as ‘shields’ and travel lower

diana monkeys are the ‘sentinels’ and travel higher for look out

75
Q

why do female gorillas live in polygynous systems

A

clear paternity certainity

females indepdnently hang with the males to prevent infanciditide

76
Q

foraging in primates

A

looking for and hangling food
varies seasonaly
primates atjust beahviour depending on food
more important for females

77
Q

female feeding decided by

A
  1. food quality
  2. food stirubition
  3. food abailitibility
78
Q

growth diets…

A

permit reproduction

79
Q

prosimians tend to “…’ their children

A

park but then produce milk with higher fat content

80
Q

anthropoids tend to ‘…’ their children

A

carry (makes up for heat loss)

81
Q

folivourous dietary adaptations

A
  • sharp crested molars and chewing muscles

- elongated digestive tract to digest cellulose

82
Q

folivoirous dietary adatpations

A
  • trichoromatic vision
  • strong jaws and teeth (dental enamel)
  • ways to deigest poisioniois plants
83
Q

what do red colobus monkeys due to digest toxic mango and almod

A

eat chracoal from burned zanzibar trees

84
Q

if a primate is bigger than 10 kg is is most likely a…

A

frugivore-folivore as it can tolerate digestion and has a slower metabolic rate

85
Q

if a primate is smaller than 10 kg is is most likely a…

A

frugivore-insectivitore due to higher metaoblic overturns and higher fast neergy need

86
Q

if a primate is smaller than 500 g…most likely a…

A

mouse lemur that eats gum!

87
Q

what is an exeption primate to the body size-diet restraint rule

A

savanna patas monkeys as they get 2/3 of their diet from gums/insects depsite being bigger tha n10 kg

88
Q

how does rank acquistion occur

A

age
length of residence in group
coalitions
challenges

89
Q

how is rank determine din japanese macaques

A

a multi-male group;

rank is associated with age and length of residence in group

90
Q

what happens when females dominante male strategies

A

male-male competition occurs less

91
Q

example of a primate with less male to male competition

A

muritiquis; males cant monopolise femalse so female choice ovverides social status

hence:
- males try to curry favour
- sperm competition

Primate Study (Actual) (32 decks)

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