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Primate Study (Actual) > Culture > Flashcards

Culture Flashcards

1
Q

biological definition of culture

A

culture is socially transmitted behaviour the leads to diversity between populations of the same species

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2
Q

darwinian influence on culture-nature dichootomy

A

while we SHARE evolutionary history; humanists still claim that humans are unique/special

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3
Q

definition of cultures (in primatology)

A

intraspectif varition of beheaviour that is socially learned

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4
Q

mechanism of culture

A

transmision of behaviour through social learning or locally spread/stimulated

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5
Q

function of culture

A
  1. solve practical/evironmental porblems

2. establish group identity

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6
Q

uniqueness claims of humanism

A

that humans only have:

  • opposable thums
  • brain assymetry
  • smiling
  • rhtyhimic druming
  • killing
  • war
  • tool use
  • death awareness
  • language
  • empathy
  • culture
  • religion
  • art
  • arent sustainable
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7
Q

example of ‘unsustainable’ primate

A

chimps in west africa; eat palm hearts and jump on trees in process, destroying them

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8
Q

anthropomorisis vs zoomorphisis

A

finding the ‘human’ in an animal vs finding the ‘animal’ in a human

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9
Q

self medication example

A

chimps in gashaka jungle in nigeria; each folded/clumped leaves to inducde bowel movement to get rid of parasitic worm

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10
Q

ratchet effect

A

an instance of the restrained ability of human processes to be reversed once a specific thing has happene

(i.e. CUMULATIVE culture or learning)

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11
Q

how does culture address social issues

A

as it ‘others’ by entitativy juxtaposing altertity (ingroups vs out groups)

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12
Q

culture and arbitrary behaviour

A

arbitrary/impractical behaviour rising from previously environmental reasons= functions to create group idetnity

i. e. muslim avoidance of pork- culture taboo
i. e. global variance in greeting (chinese bowing, german handshake, etc)

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13
Q

entitativy

A

‘we-ness’

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14
Q

alterity

A

‘otherness’

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15
Q

some ways environment influences culture solves practical problem

A 
climate= wear hats
preadtors= use guns
pathogens= eat leaves
food= use chopsticks or forks
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16
Q

why is culture environmentally affected

A

as it is framed for need-based/practical issues

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17
Q

culture examples: capuchins and japanese monkeys

A

capuchins in CR: suck toes/poke eye stockets to fortify social bonds

japanese macaques; carry stone and randomly hit them

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18
Q

function of religion in culture

A

an irrational custom where u get a group of people to believe int he same nonsense to esablish traits= a sign of costly signally

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19
Q

stone anvil

A

brazil bearded capuchin

chimps

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20
Q

minimalistic definition of culture

A

instraspecific cariability of bhehaviour

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21
Q

how many sepeare cultural traits did whiten find in his 1999 study

A

39

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22
Q

whittens second inheritance system

A

the transfer of culture horizontally (beween siblings and conspecifics)

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23
Q

how is culture transmited?

A
  1. like genes (parent to offspring)

2. hortizontall in second inheritance system

24
Q

how is behaviour transferred

A 
teaching
social facilitation
obsrvation
local enhnacment
theory of mind
25
Q

what does the second inheritance system lallow

A

for innovations of one animal to tansmit and benefit others

26
Q

example of cultural transmission in captive chimps

A
  • troop exposed to a nut craking exerpet= everyone else develops behaviour

control group with same resources= without expert no one did

27
Q

gene + culture interplay example

A

lactose intolerance and milk consumption

28
Q

what is cultural evolution

A

change in culture of achange in culture over time

29
Q

what principles of evolution can be applid to culture

A
  1. variation
  2. inheritance
  3. adaptation (differential surivival)
30
Q

why does culture vary from group to group

A

drift

geography

31
Q

adaptive cultural trait in long thailed macaques

A

thai macaques; use stones to open and consume sea creatures

bali macaques; play with stones only

is adpative; as coastal macaques need the stones to enhance their diet in their local environment

32
Q

LANGUAGE in primate

A
  • koko gorilla dn sign language
  • kanzi the bonobo; points to written symbols
  • verveys and seyfarth cheney study
33
Q

Visalbergi Experiment in Rome

A

capuchin + peanut in a tube with stick experiment

demonstrates monkeys dont ape

34
Q

Whiten Artificial Fruit Experiment

A

chimps imitate the ways to use boxes get fruits

demonstrates imitation= monkeys do ape!

35
Q

Richard Dawkins view on cultural transmission

A

MEMES=culturuall transfmitted values/belifes that demonstrate signs of natural selection as they:

  1. compete for ‘memory’
  2. dont always ruvive
  3. are heritable
36
Q

why is cultural transmission more complicated than gene transmission

A
  1. can change WITHIN lifetime
  2. can be horitzontally transmiffted (not just parent to offspring)
  3. can spread without enhance reproductive fitness
37
Q

social vs biological anthropology interpretation of culture

A

humanist vs universailites

38
Q

what does cultural diversity reflect in primates (Parish-Sommer)

A
  • intergroup competition and startegies fore resource acquisition
39
Q

when did jane goodall discover tool use

A

1960

40
Q

edward b. tylors definition of culture

A

culture as a sign of civilization that only men in society have

41
Q

1999 definition of culture

A

all humans have culture as its diverse

42
Q

post 1999 definition of culture

A

includes non human animals; paradign of ‘animal cultures’

rahter focus is on LEARNED behaviour as culture is ‘socially transmitted behaviour’

43
Q

frans de wall and culture

A

culture lavels any sepcies as biologically speaking humans have never been along;

44
Q

what makes culture a mix of genes and social learning

A
  1. not all bheaviour is by learning (genes: lactose intolerance)
  2. people are still constrained by their environment (forks vs chopsticks)
  3. but some traits are just arbitrary (greeting variances)
45
Q

new way of studying culture and a nimals

A

cultural zoology

46
Q

hanuman langurs sign of cultural variance

A

in north west jaipur= huddle together for warmth

few km away= dont huddle and keep distance

47
Q

whiten: systems of inheritance

A

primary; genes

secondary; social learning (cultural inheritance and cultural memoru)

48
Q

neo-evolutionary synthesis

A

milk bottles of blue tits

demosntrates cultural transmission existed among animals

49
Q

social learning definition

A

learning from others

50
Q

tradition definition

A

a distinctive behaviour pattern that can be shared by 2 or more individuals in a social unit that persists over time

51
Q

jablonka + lamb definitio of cutlural evolution

A

change in time of nature/frequency of socially transmitted preferences in a population

that can also REDUCE in complexity

52
Q

culture in ceteceans

A
  1. vocalizations in humbpack whales
53
Q

cultural vrariance in birds

A

migration routes
public information use
song learning

54
Q

boesch and chimp culture trait variance

A

leaf clipping;

for some chimps is PLAY for others is COURTSHIP

55
Q

richard prum 2017

A

theory of aesthethic evolution; not all traits are adaptive but some aesthethic (birds ornaments)

56
Q

baldwin effect

A

new behavioural traits= cause animals to create new niche spaces;
so cultural processes share adaptation/change dynamics of evolution which can even lead to speciation

Primate Study (Actual) (32 decks)

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