life history

Question 1

ontogenenisi definition

Answer 1

individual development in life course

Question 2

life history theory

Answer 2

understanding compromises about schedule of reproductive efforts/tradeoffs between:

1. surival + reproduction
2. growth + reproduction
   c. parental investment and number of offspring

Question 3

stages of development

Answer 3

infancy (nursing, weaning)

juvenile (social learning, puverty)

sub adult (sexual maturity; decision to disperse or be philopatrous)

adult (breeding and rearing)

senescience (menopause and post reproductive lfie)

Question 4

variables of developmetn

Answer 4

1. fixed length (gestation)

2. snesitive to uprgining of others

Question 5

type sof babies

Answer 5

precorcial

altricial

Question 6

precorial

Answer 6

‘advanced state’; born already with some abilities

Question 7

altricial

Answer 7

‘helpless state’; born underdevelopment
two nursing types:
1. on demand and on schedule

Question 8

types of nursing

Answer 8

on demand

on schedule

Question 9

on demand nursing? (+ milk type)

Answer 9

• -> ‘altricial carried babies’
• gain ENERGY from body heat/conserve because are carried by mom

thus: milk…
high protein= growth + development

Question 10

on schedule nursing?

+ milk type

Answer 10

—> ‘altridical parked babies’; left in one location (nest) and mothe comes/goes

thus. .. milk..
- - high FAT to keep babies warm

Question 11

precorcial running babies? (milk type?)

Answer 11

high sugar= keep up with the mom (elephants)

Question 12

examples of ‘on demand’ baby

Answer 12

chimp

Question 13

examples of ‘on scheduls’ baby

Answer 13

tarsiers, tree shrews

Question 14

what does rearing style affect in moms

Answer 14

the milk composition

Question 15

lactational ammenorrhea

Answer 15

prolactine hormone hampers ovulation= makes females setrile post-partum

Question 16

where does lactational ammenorrhea not occur?

Answer 16

callitrichids

Question 17

weaning conflict theory : what and by who?

Answer 17

Trivers:
mother= wants to stop nursing but infant wants to conitinue= creates conflict

1. ‘parental offspring conflict’ +
2. ‘sivling jealously’; older siblings may become ‘helpless’ to gain attention after second baby is born

Question 18

sex son hypothesis

Answer 18

infant fathers seen as stron gso females have incentive to mate with them despite infancticide

Question 19

hrdy theory of why males infanticide occurs

Answer 19

speed up lactational ammehnorea to allow for incoming male to mate with female faster (speed up infanticide)

Question 20

example of infanticide

Answer 20

hanuman indian langur monkeys

Question 21

where does maternal infanticide occur?

Answer 21

tamarins

humans

Question 22

R-Selection is…

Answer 22

fast breeding
unstable environment= fluctuating population densities
seasonal patterns of population explosion/breakdowns

Question 23

K-Selection…

Answer 23

slow breeding
stable environment= leads to stable population deensity
non-seasonale or provisioned environments= efficent food/safety use

Question 24

Pianka 1970 Formula

Answer 24

R= population growth determined by intrinstic rate of increase of psecies (r) {age, litter size, etc]

K=population desntiy defined by exterinsic carrying capacity of envrionment (plateau of individuals per space that fit into the environment)

Question 25

are primates k or r selected?

Answer 25

tendency towards K selection as focus on QUALITY and not QUANTITY

Question 26

r-selected primate?

Answer 26

lemurs

Question 27

R-selection:

1. adult body
2. paternal investment
3. gestation
4. lactation length
5. sexual maturity
6. longetivity

Answer 27

small bodies
quanitty (low paternal investment)
short gestation 
short lacation
early sexual maturity
short longetivity

Question 28

R; Selection Nenotates:

1. litter size
2. skin
3. ears/eyes
4. mobility
5. brain
6. shelter type

Answer 28

tend to be altricial

large litters
naked skin
sealed eyes/ears
low mobility
small brains 
in nests (parked babies)

Question 29

K= Selection

1. adult body
2. paternal investment
3. gestation
4. lactation length
5. sexual maturity
6. longetivity

Answer 29

large adult bodies
'quality' paternity investment
long gestation 
long lactation
late sexual maruity
long longetivity

Question 30

K Selection Nenotates:

1. litter size
2. skin
3. ears/eyes
4. mobility
5. brain
6. shelter type

Answer 30

tend to be precorical

small litters
furred skin 
open eyes
high mobility
large brain 
no shelter

Question 31

r + k relative?

Answer 31

oysters; millions of offspring (are R strategiest compared to primates)

primates: prosimians are r-strategiest compare to apes

humans; west africans are r-strategiest compaed to europeans

Question 32

primary sex ratio vs secondary sex ratio

Answer 32

primary= at conception
secondar= at birth