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Biology > reproduction in human > Flashcards

reproduction in human Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

purpose of fallopian tube

A

carries an ovum to the uterus, the site of fertilisation

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2
Q

what is ovary

A

contains follicles in which ova are produced

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3
Q

purpose of urethra

A

carries urine from the bladder

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4
Q

where the baby develops

A

uterus

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5
Q

purpose of vagina

A

receives the male penis during sexual intercourse

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6
Q

purpose of penis

A

transfer sperm

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7
Q

purpose of the prostate gland

A

add fluid and nutrients to sperm to from semen

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8
Q

purpose of scrotum

A

hold the testes outside the body, to keep them cooler than body temperature

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9
Q

purpose of the sperm duct

A

the muscular tube that links the testis to the urethra to allow the passage of semen

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10
Q

purpose of the urethra in the male

A

passes semen containing sperm, also carries the urine from the bladder

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11
Q

feature of egg cell

A

jelly coat- and cell surface membrane to protect ovum also a barrier to entry of other sperm after fertilisation

cytoplasm to store the energy for fertilisation

a nucleus containing gene information

larger than sperm

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12
Q

feature of sperm cell

A

a nucleus containing gene information

acrosome containing enzymes to dissolve jelly coat

mitochondria to release energy to swim

flagellum that producing swimming movement

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13
Q

process of fertilisation in human

A

egg travel slowly towards the uterus with the help of muscle in the wall of the oviduct.

sperm get deposits at the top of the vagina and swim up through the uterus, into the oviduct

one sperm enters the egg. the nucleus of the sperm with the nucleus of the egg. as successful sperm enters the egg, no other sperm can go in.

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14
Q

process of implantation after fertilisation

A

when the sperm nuclues and the egg nuclues have fused together, they form a zygote. zygote moves slowly down the oviduct, and as it moves it divides by mitosis and become an embryo.

embryo sink into a spongy lining of the uterus, which is called implantation.

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15
Q

what is a placenta

A

an organ where substances are exchanged between the mother’s blood and the embryo’s blood by diffusion

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16
Q

how long it takes for the embryo to develop into a fetus

A

11 weeks

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17
Q

how is the placenta joined to the fetus

A

by umbilical cord

18
Q

the feature of the umbilical cord

A

it is made out of two arteries and a vein

the arteries take blood from the fetus into the placenta and the vein returns the blood from the fetus

19
Q

purpose of amniotic fluid

A

protect the fetus from mechanical shock and also change the temperature

20
Q

feature of placental villi

A

large surface area for exchange of materials

21
Q

what is happening at the umbilical cord

A

oxygen and food materials in the mother’s blood diffuse across the placenta into the fetus’s blood.

carbon dioxide and waste material diffuse the other way and are carried away in the mother’s blood

22
Q

stages of development of an embryo

A

6 weeks- all the organs have began to grow
8 weeks- most organs are now present, some movement occurs
10weeks- all organs are now developed and more movement occurs

23
Q

how the birth happens

A

the strong muscle in the wall of the uterus starts to contract, which is painful. the contraction of the muscle slowly stretches the opening of the cervix. the amniotic sac breaks. the placenta falls away from the wall of the uterus.

24
Q

why is there no pain when the umbilical cord is cut

A

there are no nerves

25
Q

what the mother need to take before birth

A

a lot of calcium for growing fetus’s bones

extra iron to make more haemoglobin to produce more blood

a little more carbohydrate for extra energy

extra protein for fetus’s cell development

26
Q

what action will harm the fetus

A

smoking, drinking excess amount of alcohol, and illness like Rubella

27
Q

what is lactation

A

when mother’s breasts become larger and begin to make milk

28
Q

advantage of breastfeeding

A

free
contains antibodies
develop relationship
contains the exact right amount of nutrients

29
Q

advantage of bottle-feeding

A

give time to rest for mother

develop a relationship with dad

30
Q

what is menstruation

A

the breaking down of spongy lining of the uterus

31
Q

describe the menstrual cycle

A

ovulation: releasing an egg cell from the ovary
the lining of the uterus becomes more vascular
if the egg is not fertilised, the uterus lining breaks down
the egg starts to develop in the ovary

32
Q

describe the hormonal control in the menstrual cycle

A

development of follicle is stimulated by FSH which is secreted from the pituitary gland

the oestrogen makes the lining of the uterus grow thick and spongy ( secreted from an ovary)

during this time pituitary gland secretes LH and FSH until the follicle is fully developed

LH cause the ovulation to take place

the follicle stop secreting oestrogen and it becomes a corpus luteum

corpus luteum start to secrete progesterone. level of FSH and LH falls

progesterone keeps the uterus lining thick and spongy.

if the egg is not fertilised corpus luteum disappears and progesterone is not secreted anymore so the lining of the uterus breaks down.

33
Q

birth control: natural methods

A

women’s body temperature slightly increases after ovulation and avoid sexual intercourse for three to four days. it is risky and only work for woman who has regular cycles

34
Q

birth control: chemical method

A

spermicides ( kill sperm) placed in vagina with diaphragm

or take a contraceptive pill that stops eggs from being produced in her ovaries

35
Q

birth control: mechanical method

A

use of condoms

36
Q

birth control: surgical method

A

vasectomy, sperm ducts are cut and tied

37
Q

advantage of artificial insemination

A

couples can have a baby if they couldn’t have

38
Q

the disadvantage of artificial insemination

A

the man needs to accept the child is not biologically his.

one sperm donor can be the father of many children

39
Q

what can be the solution if the woman doesn’t produce enough eggs

A

give hormones including FSH

40
Q

the difference between HIV and AIDs

A

HIV is the disease

AIDs is the symptom

41
Q

how does HIV work

A

HIV infects lymphocytes, T cells. T cells slowly get destroyed. the number of t cells decreases. the person now has a weak immune system that if the pathogen enters the person’s body, the immune system can’t fight effectively against the pathogen.

42
Q

how you might get infected by HIV

A

through sexual intercourse

through blood contract

Biology (22 decks)

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