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Biology > Reproduction & Development > Flashcards

Reproduction & Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Produce offspring genetically identical to parent

Advantageous when environmental conditions are stable

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2
Q

Fission

A

Asexual Reproduction

The separation of an organism into 2 new cells

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3
Q

Budding

A

Asexual Reproduction

Involves splitting off of new individuals from existing ones

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4
Q

Fragmentation

A

Asexual Reproduction

When single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals

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5
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Asexual Reproduction

Involves development of egg without fertilization, result adult = haploid

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6
Q

Testes

A

Make gonads; site of sperm formation

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7
Q

Vas Deferens

A

The duct that carries sperm during ejaculation from epididymus to penis

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8
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Secrete semen directly into urethra

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9
Q

Scrotum

A

Holds testes; the colder the temperature there enables sperm to survive

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10
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries semen & urine

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11
Q

Ovary

A

Meiosis & where secondary oocyte forms prior to birth

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12
Q

Oviduct/Fallopian Tube

A

Where fertilization occurs; after ovulation, egg moves through oviduct to uterus

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13
Q

Uterus

A

Where embryo develops

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14
Q

Vagina

A

Birth canal; baby passes through cervix into it

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15
Q

Cervix

A

Mouth of uterus

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16
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of uterus

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17
Q

Follicular Phase

A

Follicles grow & secrete increasing amounts of estrogens in response to FSH from anterior pituitary

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18
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process of sperm production, continuous process - begins as LH induces testes to produce testosterone - together FSH & testosterone stimulate sperm production in testes

19
Q

Oogenesis

A

Production of ova by meiotic cell division

20
Q

Cleavage Furrow

Embryonic Development

A

Rapid mitotic cell division of zygote that begins immediately after fertilization, produce blastula

21
Q

Gastrulation

Embryonic Development

A

Process by which blastula develops into a gastrula

22
Q

Organogenesis

Embryonic Development

A

Process by which cells continue to differentiate, producing organs from the 3 embryonic germ layers

23
Q

Chorion

Bird Embryo

A

Under shell, allows for diffusion of respiratory gases between outside environment & inside of cell

24
Q

Yolk Sac

Bird Embryo

A

Encloses the yolk, the food for the growing embryo

25
Q

Amnion

Bird Embryo

A

Encloses the embryo in protective amniotic fluid

26
Q

Allantois

Bird Embryo

A

Like placenta in mammals
Is the conduit for respiratory gases to & from embryo, where nitrogenous waste uric acid accumulates until chick hatches

27
Q

Reproductive Cycles

A

Controlled by a combination of hormonal & environmental cues

28
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Offers increased variation among offspring & the possibility of greater reproductive success in a changing environment

29
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Can mate with any animal of their species

Both animals act as male & female, and both donate & receive sperm

30
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A

Enables reproduction without a mate
Creates numerous offspring quickly
No expenditure of energy

31
Q

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

A

Variation

Offspring is product of both parents, may be better to survive than either

32
Q

Semen

A

Nutritive fluid that carries sperm

33
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

Series of changes in the ovary & uterus that is controlled by the interaction of hormones

34
Q

Ovulation

A

Secondary oocyte ruptures out of ovaries in response to increase in LH from anterior pituitary

35
Q

Follicles

A

Several tiny cavities in ovaries

36
Q

Luteal Phase

A

After ovulation

Corpus luteum forms & secretes estrogen & progesterone that thicken the endometrium

37
Q

Menstruation

A

If implantation of embryo does not occur

Buildup of lining of uterus breaks down & is shed

38
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Cavity the follicle left behind

39
Q

Blastula

A

Fluid-filled ball of cells produced at the end of cleavage

40
Q

Blastomeres

A

Individual cells of blastula

41
Q

Blastocoel

A

Fluid-filled center

42
Q

Gastrula

A

Three-layered embryo

Consist of ectoderm, endoderm & mesoderm that will develop into parts of the adult animal

43
Q

Extraembryonic Membrane

A

Structures that arise outside the bird embryo

Biology (17 decks)

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