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Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Bryophytes

A

Primitive plants that lack vascular tissue & must live in moist environments as they need to absorb & transport water by osmosis
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

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2
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Tracheophyte with seeds

Conifers with modifications to resist wind, cold & drought

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3
Q

Angiosperms

A

Tracheophyte with seeds
Flowering plants
Subdivided into monocots & dicots

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4
Q

Monocotyledons

A

Grasses; wheat, corn, oats, lawn grass, rice

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5
Q

Dicotyledons

A

Daisies, roses, carrots & most flowering plants

Oak, walnut, cherry & most trees

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6
Q

Primary Growth

A

The elongation of plant into soil & up into air

3 Zones; cell division, elongation, differentiation

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7
Q

Zone of Cell Division

A

Contains meristem cells that are dividing & responsible for producing new cells that grow down into soil

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8
Q

Zone of Elongation

A

Cells elongate & push root cap downward & deeper into soil

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9
Q

Zone of Differentiation

A

Cells undergo specialisation into 3 primary meristems that give rise to 3 tissue systems in plant; epidermis, ground tissue, xylem & phloem

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10
Q

Secondary Growth

A

Lateral growth or an increase in girth

Woody plants, responsible for enlargement of trunk

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11
Q

Epidermis

A

Covers entire surface of root & is modified to absorption

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12
Q

Cortex

A

Storage, consists of parenchyma cells containing plastids for storage of starch, etc.

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13
Q

Stele

A

Transport

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14
Q

Endoderm

A

Select what minerals enter vascular cylinder (stele) & body of plant

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15
Q

Apoplast

A

Network of cells walls & intercellular spaces within plant body
Permits extracellular movement of water within plant

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16
Q

Symplast

A

Continuous system of cytoplasm of cells

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17
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Supply water & minerals to older regions of roots of plant that lack root hairs

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18
Q

Rhizobium

A

Fixes nitrogen gas from air into form of nitrogen plant requires

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19
Q

Taproot

A

Single, large root that gives rise to lateral branch roots

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20
Q

Fibrous Root System

A

Holds plant firmly in place

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21
Q

Adventitious Roots

A

Roots that arise above ground; aerial & prop roots

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22
Q

Aerial Roots

A

Type of adventitious
Trees growing in swamps or marshes have aerial roots that stick up out of water to aerate root cells
English Ivy - clings to building

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23
Q

Prop Roots

A

Roots that grow aboveground out from base of stem to help support plant, like corn

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24
Q

Stems

A

Allow leaves to receive most light

Transport water & minerals from soil, & nutrients from leaves to rest of plant

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25
Waxy Cuticle
Part of leaf | Made of cutin, minimize water loss
26
Guard Cells
Part of leaf Modified epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts Control opening of stomates in response to change in water pressure
27
Palisade Mesophyll
Tightly packed, photosynthesis
28
Spongy Mesophyll
Loosely packed, photosynthesis | Diffusion & exchange of gases into & out of these cells
29
Veins
Part of leaf, located in mesophyll | Carry water & nutrients from soil to leaves & carry sugar from leaves to rest of plant
30
Dermal Tissue
Outer protective covering of plants, usually consists of signle layer of epidermal cells
31
Vascular Tissue
Transports water & nutrients up & down plant | Xylem & phloem
32
Ground Tissue
Makes up all plant tissues besides dermal & vascular tissues 3 cell types; parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
33
Xylem
Support plant & transport water & nutrients | No energy required
34
Phloem
Carry sugar from photosynthetic leaves to rest of plant by translocation Requires energy
35
Vegetative Propagation
Asexual reproduction in a plant where a piece of root, stem, or leaf produces an entirely new plant genetically identical to parent plant Ex: grafting, cuttings, bulbs, runners
36
Petals
Brightly colored, modified leaves | Attract animals that will pollinate plant
37
Sepals
Green, resemble leaves | Enclose bud before it opens & protect flower as it develops
38
Pistils/Carpels
Female part of flower | Produce female gametophyte; each consists of 4, 6, 7
39
Ovary
Swollen part of pistil | Contains ovule where 1/more ova are produced by meiosis
40
Ovule
Within ovary where ova (female gametophyte) are produced
41
Style
Long, usually thin stalk of the pistil
42
Stigma
Sticky top of style where pollen lands & germinates
43
Stamen
Male part of flower | Made up of anther & filament
44
Anther
``` Male part of flower Where sperm (pollen) are produced by meiosis ```
45
Filament
Threadlike structure | Supports anther
46
Antheridium
Alternation of Generations | Produce sperm, develops on gametophyte
47
Archegonium
Alternation of Generations | Produce eggs, develops on gametophyte
48
Gametophyte
A haploid adult plant
49
Megaspores
Alternation of Generations Produced by large female cones Will develop into female gametophytes
50
Microspores
Alternation of Generations Produced by small male cones Will develop into male gametophyte or pollen grains
51
Protonema
Alternation of Generations Branching, 1-celled-thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores Becomes gametophyte in moss
52
Sporangia
Alternation of Generations Located on tip of mature sporophyte Where meiosis occurs, producing haploid spores
53
Sporophyte
A diploid adult plant
54
Sori
Alternation of Generations | Raised spots located on underside of sporophyte ferns, clusters of sporangia
55
Auxins
Growth hormones in plants that are responsible for phototropisms & apical dominance, the preferential growth of a plant upward (toward sun) rather than laterally
56
Gibberellins
Plant hormones that promote stem & leaf elongation Broccoli
57
Ethylene
Gaseous plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening
58
Abscisic acid (ABA)
Plant hormone that inhibits growth & promotes seed dormancy Enables plant to withstand drought
59
Tropism
The growth of a plant toward/away from a stimulus | Touch, gravity, light
60
Phototropisms
Result from unequal distribution of auxins that accumulate on side of plant away from light as auxins cause growth, cells on shady side of plant enlarge & stem bends toward light
61
Geotropism
Result from interaction of auxins & statoliths, specialized plastids containing dense starch grains\
62
Trachephytes
Have transport vessels, include ancient seedless plants that reproduce by spores & also modern plants that reproduce by seeds
63
Plants
Multicelled, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs
64
Positive Tropism
Growth toward stimulus
65
Negative Tropism
Growth away from stimulus
66
Gametangia
In primitive plants, a protective jacket of cells in which gametes & zygotes develop & which prevents drying out
67
Sporopollenin
Tough polymer that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage & that protects plants in a harsh terrestrial environment Found in walls of spores & pollen
68
Meristem Tissue
Plant tissue that is always dividing
69
Apical Meristem
Constantly dividing growth layer located at buds of shoots & tips of roots
70
Roots
Absorb nutrients from the soil, anchor the plant & store food
71
Parenchyma Cells
Have primary cell wall that is thin & flexible, they lack a secondary wall
72
Collenchyma Cells
Have unevenly thickened primary cell walls but lack secondary cell walls
73
Sclerenchyma Cells
Have thick primary & secondary cell walls that are fortified with lignin
74
Casparian Strip
Continuous band of waxy material that is impervious to water & dissolved minerals Wraps around endoderm cell
75
Vascular Bundles
Vascular tissue that runs the length of stem in strands | Each bundle contains xylem on inside, phloem on inside & meristem tissue between
76
Leaf
Organized to maximize sugar production while minimizing water loss
77
Stomates
Openings in leaves to exchange photosynthetic gases; water vapor, carbon dioxde, oxygen
78
Transpiration
Loss of water (evaporation) from a leaf through stomates
79
Trichomes
Tiny, spikelike projections on some leaves for protection
80
Cohesion
Water molecules are attracted to each other & stick together
81
Transpirational pull-cohesion tension theory
For each molecule of water that evaporates from a leaf by transpiration, another molecule of water is drawn in at the root to replace it
82
Translocation
A fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome
83
Hypocotyl
Becomes lower part of the stem & the roots
84
Epicotyl
Becomes the upper part of the stem
85
Radicle (Embryonic Root)
First organ to emerge from the germinating seed
86
Alternation of Generations
Haploid (n) & diploid (2n) generation alternate with each other
87
Endosperm
Food for the growing embryo in a monocot seed | Cells that make up the endosperm are triploid (3n)
88
Alternation of Generations (Mosses & other Bryophytes)
Gametophyte generation dominates life cycle, sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte
89
Alternation of Generations (Ferns)
Sporophyte generation is larger & is independent from gametophyte Sustain themselves
90
Alternation of Generations (Seed Plants)
Gametophyte generation exists inside the sporophyte generation & is totally dependent on sporophyte
91
Plant Hormones
Help coordinate growth, development & response to environmental stimuli
92
Cytokinins
Plant hormones that stimulate cell division & cytokinesis Delay aging

Biology (17 decks)

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