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Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bryophytes

A

Primitive plants that lack vascular tissue & must live in moist environments as they need to absorb & transport water by osmosis
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

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2
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Tracheophyte with seeds

Conifers with modifications to resist wind, cold & drought

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3
Q

Angiosperms

A

Tracheophyte with seeds
Flowering plants
Subdivided into monocots & dicots

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4
Q

Monocotyledons

A

Grasses; wheat, corn, oats, lawn grass, rice

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5
Q

Dicotyledons

A

Daisies, roses, carrots & most flowering plants

Oak, walnut, cherry & most trees

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6
Q

Primary Growth

A

The elongation of plant into soil & up into air

3 Zones; cell division, elongation, differentiation

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7
Q

Zone of Cell Division

A

Contains meristem cells that are dividing & responsible for producing new cells that grow down into soil

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8
Q

Zone of Elongation

A

Cells elongate & push root cap downward & deeper into soil

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9
Q

Zone of Differentiation

A

Cells undergo specialisation into 3 primary meristems that give rise to 3 tissue systems in plant; epidermis, ground tissue, xylem & phloem

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10
Q

Secondary Growth

A

Lateral growth or an increase in girth

Woody plants, responsible for enlargement of trunk

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11
Q

Epidermis

A

Covers entire surface of root & is modified to absorption

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12
Q

Cortex

A

Storage, consists of parenchyma cells containing plastids for storage of starch, etc.

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13
Q

Stele

A

Transport

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14
Q

Endoderm

A

Select what minerals enter vascular cylinder (stele) & body of plant

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15
Q

Apoplast

A

Network of cells walls & intercellular spaces within plant body
Permits extracellular movement of water within plant

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16
Q

Symplast

A

Continuous system of cytoplasm of cells

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17
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Supply water & minerals to older regions of roots of plant that lack root hairs

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18
Q

Rhizobium

A

Fixes nitrogen gas from air into form of nitrogen plant requires

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19
Q

Taproot

A

Single, large root that gives rise to lateral branch roots

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20
Q

Fibrous Root System

A

Holds plant firmly in place

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21
Q

Adventitious Roots

A

Roots that arise above ground; aerial & prop roots

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22
Q

Aerial Roots

A

Type of adventitious
Trees growing in swamps or marshes have aerial roots that stick up out of water to aerate root cells
English Ivy - clings to building

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23
Q

Prop Roots

A

Roots that grow aboveground out from base of stem to help support plant, like corn

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24
Q

Stems

A

Allow leaves to receive most light

Transport water & minerals from soil, & nutrients from leaves to rest of plant

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25
Q

Waxy Cuticle

A

Part of leaf

Made of cutin, minimize water loss

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26
Q

Guard Cells

A

Part of leaf
Modified epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts
Control opening of stomates in response to change in water pressure

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27
Q

Palisade Mesophyll

A

Tightly packed, photosynthesis

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28
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

Loosely packed, photosynthesis

Diffusion & exchange of gases into & out of these cells

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29
Q

Veins

A

Part of leaf, located in mesophyll

Carry water & nutrients from soil to leaves & carry sugar from leaves to rest of plant

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30
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

Outer protective covering of plants, usually consists of signle layer of epidermal cells

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31
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

Transports water & nutrients up & down plant

Xylem & phloem

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32
Q

Ground Tissue

A

Makes up all plant tissues besides dermal & vascular tissues
3 cell types; parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

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33
Q

Xylem

A

Support plant & transport water & nutrients

No energy required

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34
Q

Phloem

A

Carry sugar from photosynthetic leaves to rest of plant by translocation
Requires energy

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35
Q

Vegetative Propagation

A

Asexual reproduction in a plant where a piece of root, stem, or leaf produces an entirely new plant genetically identical to parent plant
Ex: grafting, cuttings, bulbs, runners

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36
Q

Petals

A

Brightly colored, modified leaves

Attract animals that will pollinate plant

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37
Q

Sepals

A

Green, resemble leaves

Enclose bud before it opens & protect flower as it develops

38
Q

Pistils/Carpels

A

Female part of flower

Produce female gametophyte; each consists of 4, 6, 7

39
Q

Ovary

A

Swollen part of pistil

Contains ovule where 1/more ova are produced by meiosis

40
Q

Ovule

A

Within ovary where ova (female gametophyte) are produced

41
Q

Style

A

Long, usually thin stalk of the pistil

42
Q

Stigma

A

Sticky top of style where pollen lands & germinates

43
Q

Stamen

A

Male part of flower

Made up of anther & filament

44
Q

Anther

A 
Male part of flower
Where sperm (pollen) are produced by meiosis
45
Q

Filament

A

Threadlike structure

Supports anther

46
Q

Antheridium

A

Alternation of Generations

Produce sperm, develops on gametophyte

47
Q

Archegonium

A

Alternation of Generations

Produce eggs, develops on gametophyte

48
Q

Gametophyte

A

A haploid adult plant

49
Q

Megaspores

A

Alternation of Generations
Produced by large female cones
Will develop into female gametophytes

50
Q

Microspores

A

Alternation of Generations
Produced by small male cones
Will develop into male gametophyte or pollen grains

51
Q

Protonema

A

Alternation of Generations
Branching, 1-celled-thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores
Becomes gametophyte in moss

52
Q

Sporangia

A

Alternation of Generations
Located on tip of mature sporophyte
Where meiosis occurs, producing haploid spores

53
Q

Sporophyte

A

A diploid adult plant

54
Q

Sori

A

Alternation of Generations

Raised spots located on underside of sporophyte ferns, clusters of sporangia

55
Q

Auxins

A

Growth hormones in plants that are responsible for phototropisms & apical dominance, the preferential growth of a plant upward (toward sun) rather than laterally

56
Q

Gibberellins

A

Plant hormones that promote stem & leaf elongation
Broccoli

57
Q

Ethylene

A

Gaseous plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening

58
Q

Abscisic acid (ABA)

A

Plant hormone that inhibits growth & promotes seed dormancy
Enables plant to withstand drought

59
Q

Tropism

A

The growth of a plant toward/away from a stimulus

Touch, gravity, light

60
Q

Phototropisms

A

Result from unequal distribution of auxins that accumulate on side of plant away from light as auxins cause growth, cells on shady side of plant enlarge & stem bends toward light

61
Q

Geotropism

A

Result from interaction of auxins & statoliths, specialized plastids containing dense starch grains\

62
Q

Trachephytes

A

Have transport vessels, include ancient seedless plants that reproduce by spores & also modern plants that reproduce by seeds

63
Q

Plants

A

Multicelled, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs

64
Q

Positive Tropism

A

Growth toward stimulus

65
Q

Negative Tropism

A

Growth away from stimulus

66
Q

Gametangia

A

In primitive plants, a protective jacket of cells in which gametes & zygotes develop & which prevents drying out

67
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Tough polymer that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage & that protects plants in a harsh terrestrial environment
Found in walls of spores & pollen

68
Q

Meristem Tissue

A

Plant tissue that is always dividing

69
Q

Apical Meristem

A

Constantly dividing growth layer located at buds of shoots & tips of roots

70
Q

Roots

A

Absorb nutrients from the soil, anchor the plant & store food

71
Q

Parenchyma Cells

A

Have primary cell wall that is thin & flexible, they lack a secondary wall

72
Q

Collenchyma Cells

A

Have unevenly thickened primary cell walls but lack secondary cell walls

73
Q

Sclerenchyma Cells

A

Have thick primary & secondary cell walls that are fortified with lignin

74
Q

Casparian Strip

A

Continuous band of waxy material that is impervious to water & dissolved minerals
Wraps around endoderm cell

75
Q

Vascular Bundles

A

Vascular tissue that runs the length of stem in strands

Each bundle contains xylem on inside, phloem on inside & meristem tissue between

76
Q

Leaf

A

Organized to maximize sugar production while minimizing water loss

77
Q

Stomates

A

Openings in leaves to exchange photosynthetic gases; water vapor, carbon dioxde, oxygen

78
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water (evaporation) from a leaf through stomates

79
Q

Trichomes

A

Tiny, spikelike projections on some leaves for protection

80
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules are attracted to each other & stick together

81
Q

Transpirational pull-cohesion tension theory

A

For each molecule of water that evaporates from a leaf by transpiration, another molecule of water is drawn in at the root to replace it

82
Q

Translocation

A

A fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome

83
Q

Hypocotyl

A

Becomes lower part of the stem & the roots

84
Q

Epicotyl

A

Becomes the upper part of the stem

85
Q

Radicle (Embryonic Root)

A

First organ to emerge from the germinating seed

86
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

Haploid (n) & diploid (2n) generation alternate with each other

87
Q

Endosperm

A

Food for the growing embryo in a monocot seed

Cells that make up the endosperm are triploid (3n)

88
Q

Alternation of Generations (Mosses & other Bryophytes)

A

Gametophyte generation dominates life cycle, sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte

89
Q

Alternation of Generations (Ferns)

A

Sporophyte generation is larger & is independent from gametophyte
Sustain themselves

90
Q

Alternation of Generations (Seed Plants)

A

Gametophyte generation exists inside the sporophyte generation & is totally dependent on sporophyte

91
Q

Plant Hormones

A

Help coordinate growth, development & response to environmental stimuli

92
Q

Cytokinins

A

Plant hormones that stimulate cell division & cytokinesis
Delay aging

Biology (17 decks)

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