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Biology > Classical Genetics > Flashcards

Classical Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Law of Dominance

A

When 2 organisms, each homozygous (pure) for 2 opposing traits are crossed, the offspring will be hybrid (carry out 2 different alleles) but will exhibit only the dominant trait
Trait that remains hidden = recessive trait

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2
Q

Law of Segregation

A

When an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just 1 copy, which is selected randomly

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3
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between 2 organisms that are each hybrid for a single trait
(Tt x Tt)

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4
Q

Genotype

A

Type of gene
The set of genes in DNA which is responsible for a particular trait
Genes responsible for: eye colour, height, shoe size

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

What an organism looks like
The visible expression/characteristics of that trait
Visible characteristics for; eye colour, height, shoe size

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6
Q

Backcross (Testcross)

A

A technique to determine whether an individual plant or animal showing the dominant trait is homozygous dominant (BB) or heterozygous (Bb)

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7
Q

Incomplete Dominanc

A

An inheritance pattern characterised by blending of traits

Black animal cross with white animal = grey offspring

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8
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

A cross that is carried out between 2 individuals hybrid for 2 or more traits that are not on the same chromosome
Resulting phenotype ratio: 9:3:3:1

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9
Q

Codominance

A

When the alleles of a gene are expressed equally & neither is dominant or recessive
Blood type; A & B -> AB

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10
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

When there are more than 2 allelic forms of a gene

Humans, more than 2 alleles for blood type

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11
Q

Polygenic

A

More than 2 allelic forms of a gene, like height or colour, the trait exhibits a multitude of variation
Two short parents -> tall offspring

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12
Q

Sex-Linked

A

Traits that are carried on the X chromosome

Recessive traits: colour blindness, haemophilia

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13
Q

Sex-Influenced Trait

A

Inheritance is influenced by sex of individual carrying the traits
Baldness

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14
Q

Karyotype

A

Procedure that analyses the size, shape, & number of chromosomes
During metaphase of mitosis

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15
Q

Pedigree

A

Family tree that indicates the phenotype of 1 trait being studied for every member of a family
Used to determine how a particular trait is inherited

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16
Q

Mutation

A

Any change in a gene or chromosome, when/where mutations occur is random

17
Q

Gene Mutations

A

Caused by a change in the DNA sequence

18
Q

Chromosome Mutations

A

Chromosome may sustain a deletion/addition, or cell may have an entirely extra chromosome which results from nondisjunction

19
Q

Nondisjunction

A

An error that sometimes happens during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate as they should

20
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Any abnormal condition of the chromosomes

21
Q

Deletion

A

A fragment lacking a centromere is lost during cell division

22
Q

Inversion

A

A chromosomal fragment reattaches to its original chromosome but in the reverse orientation

23
Q

Translocation

A

A fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome

24
Q

Polyploidy

A

A cell/organism that has extra sets of chromosomes

Often plants or flowers

25
Q

Gene

A

Heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic

26
Q

Allele

A

1 specific form of a gene, occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene

27
Q

Genome

A

The whole of the genetic information of an organism

28
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that have the same structural features & the same genes

29
Q

Dominant Allele

A

An allele that is expressed in the phenotype in a homozygous or heterozygous state

30
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype in a homozygous state

31
Q

Codominant Alleles

A

A pair of alleles which both affect the phenotype in a heterozygous

32
Q

Homozygous

A

Having 2 identical alleles of a gene

33
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having 2 different alleles of a gene

34
Q

Carrier

A

A heterozygote who has 1 copy of a recessive allele that causes a genetic disease

35
Q

Autosome

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex linked chromosome

Biology (17 decks)

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