Biological Diversity Flashcards by Annie Whernman

Taxonomy

A system by which we name & classify all organisms, living & extinct

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Binomial Nomenclature

System used today by Carl von Linne, every organism has 2-part name

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Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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Four kingdoms of Eukarya

Protista
Fungi: yeast, mold, mushrooms
Plantae: mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia

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Evolutionary Trends in Animals

Specialized Cells, Tissues &amp; Organs
Germ Layers
Body Symmetry
Development of Head
Body Cavity Formation

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Tissue

Group of similar cells that perform one function

Sciatic nerve

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Organ

Group of issues that work together to perform related functions

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Germ Layers

Main layers, form various tissues & organs of the body, formed in embryonic development

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Ectoderm

Outermost layer, becomes skin & nervous system

Nerve cord + brain

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Endoderm

Innermost layer, becomes viscera (guts) or digestive system

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Mesoderm

Middle layer, becomes blood, muscles & bones

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Coelom

A fluid-filled body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm tissue
Provides space for elaborate organ systems
Ex: digestive tract or cardiovascular system

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Porifera

Sponges

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Cnidarians

Hydra & Jellyfish

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Platyhelminthes

Flatworms including Tapeworms

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Nematodes

Roundworms

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Annelids

Segmented Worms like Earthworms, Leeches

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Mollusks

Squids, Octopuses, Slugs, Clams, and Snails

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Arthropods

Insecta (Grasshopper), Crustacea (Shrimp, crab), Arachnida (Spider)

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Echinoderms

Sea Stars (Starfish) & Sea Urchins

Chordates

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Cladogram/polygenetic Tree

Diagrammatic representation of the evolutionary history that all living things evolve from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)

Taxa

Levels of organization in system of classification;

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Extremophiles

Organisms that live in extreme environments

Make up domain Archaea

Three-Domain System

Based on DNA analysis, reflects evolutionary history & the relationships among organisms Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Decomposer

Organisms that play a vital role in the ecosystem & that recycle dead organic matter Bacteria & Fungi

Pathogen

Organism that causes disease

Genetic Engineering

Branch of science that uses recombinant DNA techniques for practical purposes

Conjugation

A primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material

Methanogens | Extremophile

Organisms that obtain energy in a unique way by producing methane from hydrogen

Halophiles | Extremophile

Organisms that thrive in environments with high salt concentrations like Utah's Great Salt Lake

Thermophiles | Extremophiles

Organisms that thrive in very high temperature, like in hot springs in Yellowstone Park

Saprobes

Organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter

Pioneer Organisms

The first to colonize a barren environment in primary ecological succession

Cell

Basic unit of all forms of life

Mesoglea

The middle layer of a 2-layered animal, which holds the 2 layers together

Tripoblastic

Animal consisting of 3 cell layers | Every animal more sophisticated than flatworms

Pseudocoelomate

An animal with a false coelom | Fluid-filled tube between endoderm & mesoderm that support the animal

Acoelomate

An animal that has no true coelom

Gastrovascular Cavity

Glastrocoel, primitive digestive tract | Hydra

Hermaphrodites

Organisms that contain both female & male sex organs

Shared Traits

Those that organisms have in commmon

Derived Traits

New characteristics or innovations that are not shared with ancestor

Decomposer Fungi

Secrets enzymes that breaks down & absorb nutrients from non living organic material

Mutualist Fungi

Help plants absorb nutrients especially phosphates by breaking them down more efficiently than the roots can themselves, mycorrihaze

Predatory Fungi

Capture prey

Parasitic Fungi

Feed on living organisms without killing them

Segmentation

Repetition of anatomically identical units that can be added to and modified for different purposes as animals evolve