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Human Physiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Digestion

A

Breaks down large molecules into smaller, usable molecules & absorbing these smaller molecules

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2
Q

Mouth

A

Where mechanical & chemical digestion begins

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3
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Enzyme that begins starch digestion in saliva

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4
Q

Esophagus

A

No digestion, transports food from throat to stomach

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5
Q

Epiglottis

A

Keeps food away from windpipe

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6
Q

Stomach

A

Place for both mechanical & chemical digestion
Where protein digestion begins
It’s thick, muscular walls churns food & secretes gastric juice that contains hydrochloric acid & enzymes

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7
Q

Hydrochloric Acid

A

Begins breakdown of muscle (meat) & activates the inactive enzyme pepsinogen to become pepsin

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8
Q

Pepsin

A

Digests protein

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9
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

At top of stomach

Keeps acidified food in stomach from back up into esophagus

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10
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

At bottom of stomach

Keeps food in stomach long enough to be digested

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11
Q

Liver

A

Breaks down & recycles red blood cells
Detoxifies blood - removes alcohol & drugs
Produce cholesterol
Produce urea from protein metabolism
Produce bile

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12
Q

Bile

A 
Emulsifies fats
Neutralizes chyme (acidified food from stomach) entering small intestine
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13
Q

Small Intestine

A

Where all digestion is completed (in duodenum) & where nutrients are absorbed

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14
Q

Intestinal Enzymes

A

Amylase, protease, lipase, nuclease

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15
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Digests starch & is secreted into small intestine

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16
Q

Peptidases

A

Continue to break down proteins into amino acids

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17
Q

Nucleases

A

Hydrolyze nucleic acids into nucleotides

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18
Q

Lipases

A

Break down fats

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19
Q

Villi

A

Line small intestine & absorb all nutrients released from digested food

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20
Q

Pancreas

A

Produce enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids & secretes them into small intestine
Produce hormones to control blood sugar levels
Produce sodium bicarbonate

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21
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A

Produced in gallbladder

A base that neutralizes stomach acid, enabling intestinal enzymes to be effective as they require a basic environment

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22
Q

Large Intestine/Colon

A

Egestion - removal of undigested wastes
Vitamin Production - vit. K, B & folic acid
Reabsorption of Water

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23
Q

Rectum

A

Egestion, removal of undigested waste

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24
Q

Medulla in Gas Exchange

A

Sets breathing rhytm by monitoring carbon dioxide levels & by sensing changes in pH of blood

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25
Q

Artery

A

Carries blood away from heart

Enormous pressure

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26
Q

Vein

A

Carries blood back to heart

Little pressure

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27
Q

Capillary

A

Allows for diffusion of nutrients & wastes between cells & blood

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28
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood, 90% water

Contains: clotting factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes

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29
Q

Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes

A

Carry hemoglobin & oxygen, do not have oxygen

Live 120 days, formed in bone marrow & recycled in liver

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30
Q

White Blood Cells

Leukocytes

A

Fight infection, formed in bone marrow

Die fighting infection

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31
Q

Platelets

Thrombocytes

A

Clot blood

Cell fragments formed in bone marrow from megakaryocytes

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32
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

Heart’s pacemaker

Sets timing of contractions of heart

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33
Q

Systolic

A

120

Measurement of pressure when ventricles contract

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34
Q

Diastolic

A

80

Measurement of pressure when heart relaxes

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35
Q

Pathway of Blood

A

Right atrium - right AV - Right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left AV - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta - all cells in body - vena cava

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36
Q

Endocrine System

A

Secretes hormones

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37
Q

Hormones

A

Produced in endocrine glands

Move through blood to specific target cell, tissue organ - produce short-lived or long-term response

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38
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Stimulate other glands to release hormones - can have far reaching effect

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39
Q

Hypothalamus

Endocrine System

A

Bridge between endocrine & nervous systems in times of stress
It sends signals to adrenal gland to release adrenaline
Contains body’s homeostat & centers for regulating hunger/thirst

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40
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates growth of bones

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41
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates ovaries & testes

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42
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates thyroid gland

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43
Q

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Hormone

A

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

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44
Q

Follice-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates gonads to produce sperm & ova

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45
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior Pituitary

Stimulates contractions of uterus + mammary glands

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46
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Posterior Pituitary

Promotes retention of water by kidneys

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47
Q

Thyroxin

A

Thyroid

Controls metabolic rate

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48
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid

Lowers blood calcium levels

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49
Q

Parathormone

A

Parathyroid

Raises blood calcium levels

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50
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Adrenal Cortex

Raises blood sugar levels

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51
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Adrenal Medulla

Raises blood sugar level by increasing rate of glycogen breakdown by liver

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52
Q

Insulin

A

Pancreas

Lowers blood glucose levels

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53
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreas

Raises blood sugar levels

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54
Q

Thymosin

A

Thymus

Stimulates T lymphocytes as part of immune response

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55
Q

Melatonin

A

Pineal

Involved in biorhythms

56
Q

Estrogen

A

Ovaries

Stimulates uterine lining, promotes development & maintenance of primary & secondary characteristics of females

57
Q

Progesterone

A

Ovaries

Promotes uterine lining growth

58
Q

Androgens

A

Testes

Support sperm production & promote secondary sex characteristics

59
Q

Feedback Mechanism

A

Self regulating mechanism that increase/decrease an action/level of a particular substance

60
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Enhance existing response

Childbirth

61
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Common in system that maintains homeostasis

62
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain & Spinal Cord

63
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All nerves outside CNS

64
Q

Sensory (PNS)

A

Conveys info from sensory receptors/nerve endings

65
Q

Motor (PNS)

A

Stimulates voluntary & involuntary muscles & consists of 2 systems

66
Q

Somatic System

A

Controls voluntary muscles

67
Q

Autonomic System

A

Controls involuntary muscles

68
Q

Resting Potential

A

The charge change across the membrane when a neuron is not firing (-70mV)

69
Q

Action Potential

A

The charge change across the membrane when a neuron is firing (30mV)

70
Q

Depolarization

A

The change from a negative resting potential to a positive action potential
Opening sodium channels

71
Q

Repolarization

A

The change from a positive action potential back to a negative resting potential
Opening potassium channels

72
Q

Nervous System

A

Secretes neurotransmitters

73
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptors in retina, distinguish different colors

74
Q

Rods

A

Sensitive photoreceptors in retina

Do not distinguish different colors

75
Q

Cornea

A

Tough, clear covering that protects eye & allows light to pass through

76
Q

Humor

A

Fluids, maintain shape of cell

77
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of eye

Controls how much light enters eye

78
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light onto retina

79
Q

Pupil

A

Small opening, middle of iris

80
Q

Retina

A

Converts light into nerve impulses that are carried to the brain

81
Q

Auditory Canal

A

Ear canal, where sounds enter

82
Q

Cochlea

A

Fluid-filled part of inner ear

Sends nerve impulses to brain

83
Q

Ear Bones

A

Hammer, anvil, stirrup; transmit vibrations from eardrum to oval window

84
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Equalizes pressure between environment & inner ear

85
Q

Oval Window

A

Sends waves of pressure to cochlea

86
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Fluid-filled, helps maintain balance

87
Q

Tympanum

A

Ear drum, vibrates as sound waves hit it

88
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of metabolic wastes

Includes removing carbon dioxide & water from cell respiration, & nitrogenous wastes from protein metabolism

89
Q

Organs of Excretion

A

Skin, Lungs, Liver, Kidney

90
Q

Kidney

A

Filters about 1500L of blood per day & produce about 1.5L urine

91
Q

Nephron

A

Basic functional unit of kidney

Carries out job in 4 steps; filtration, secretion, reabsorption, excretion

92
Q

Smooth/Involuntary Muscles

A

Makes up walls of blood vessels & digestive tract under control of autonomic nervous system

93
Q

Skeletal/Voluntary Muscles

A

Large & multinucleate, work in pairs; one muscle contracts & other relax
Bicep & tricep

94
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Heart, generates its own action potential

95
Q

Duodenum

A

First 10 inches of small intestine

Where all digestion is completed

96
Q

Lacteal

A

Structures within villi that line the small intestine & that absorb fatty acids & glycerol into the lymphatic system

97
Q

Alveoli

A

Microscopic air sacs in the lung where diffusion of the respiratory gases, oxygen & carbon dioxide, occurs

98
Q

Serum

A

Plasma without clotting factors

99
Q

Polarized

A

Condition of an axon of a nerve when it’s at rest, also resting potential
Na & K are pumped to opposite sides of the membrane

100
Q

Wave of depolarization

A

The condition of an axon when an impulse is passing

Also action potential

101
Q

Myosin

A

Myofilaments that make up the thick filaments in skeletal muscle

102
Q

Actin

A

Protein that makes up the thin myofilaments in skeletal muscle

103
Q

Capillary

Villus

A

Absorb amino acids, vitamins & monosaccharides directly into the bloodstream

104
Q

Microvilli

A

Microscopic appendages

Further enhance the rate of absorption

105
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile produced in liver

Body can function without it

106
Q

Constipation

A

Too much water is reabsorbed from the intestine into body

107
Q

Diarrhea

A

An inadequate amount of water is absorbed back into body

108
Q

Transport of Oxygen

A

Carried in blood by respiratory pigment hemoglobin

Combines loosely with oxygen to form molecule oxyhemoglobin

109
Q

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

A

The by-product of cell respiration, is released from every cell & dissolves in the blood

110
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion system

A

Maintains the blood at a constant pH of 7.4

111
Q

Blood Clotting

A

Mechanism that begins with the release of clotting factors from platelets & damaged tissue

112
Q

Anticlotting Factors

A

Constantly circulate in the plasma to prevent the formation of a clot or thrombus
Can cause serious damage in the absence of injury

113
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood

114
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood

115
Q

Steroid Hormones

Lipids

A

Diffuse directly through the plasma membrane & bind to a receptor inside the cell that triggers the cell’s response

116
Q

Nonsteroidal Hormone

Protein/Polypeptide

A

Cannot dissolve in the plasma membrane so they bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell, triggers a secondary messenger that converts extracellular chemical signal to a specific response inside the cell

117
Q

Feedback Mechanism

A

Self-regulating mechanism that increases or decreases an action or the level of a particular substance

118
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Enhances an already existing response

Childbirth

119
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Maintains homeostasis

How body maintains proper levels of thyroxin

120
Q

Neuron

A

Basic functional unit of the nervous system

121
Q

Dendrites

A

Sensory

Receive incoming messages from other cells & carry the electrical signal to the cell body

122
Q

Axons

A

Transmit an impulse from the cell body outward another cell

123
Q

Sympathetic System

A 
Fight/flight response
Increase heart & breathing rate
Liver convert glycogen to glucose
Bronchi dilate & increase gas exchange
Adrenaline raises blood glucose levels
124
Q

Parasympathetic System

A

Calms the body
Decreases heart/breathing rate
Enhances digestion

125
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Simplest nerve response
Inborn, automatic & protective
Ex: knee jerk

126
Q

Membrane Potential

A

A difference in electrical charge between the cytoplasm (negative charge) & extracellular fluid (positive charge)

127
Q

Refractory Period

A

Period of repolarization
Lasts few milliseconds during which neuron cannot respond to another stimulus
Ensures that an impulse moves along an axon in 1 direction only since impulse can move only to a region where membrane is polarized

128
Q

Synapse

A

A junction between 2 nerve cells

Impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

129
Q

Homeostasis

A

Any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival

130
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Brain chemicals that communicate information through brain & body
Relays signals between neurons

131
Q

Filtration

Nephron

A

Occurs by diffusion
It is passive & nonselective
Filtrate contains everything small enough to diffuse out of glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule

Glomerulus -> Bowman’s capsule -> loop of Henle -> collecting duct/tubule

132
Q

Secretion

Nephron

A

Active, selective uptake of molecules that did not get filtered into Bowman’s capsule
In tubules of nephron

133
Q

Reabsorption

Nephron

A

Process by which most water & solutes that initially entered the tubule during filtration are transported back into the capillaries & thus back to the body

Tubulue -> loop of Henle -> collecting tubule

134
Q

Excretion

Nephron

A

Removal of metabolic wastes

Everything that passes into collecting tubule is excreted from the body

135
Q

Myofibrils

A

Fibers within cytoplasm of each skeletal muscle cells that run parallel to length of the cell

136
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

Muscles contract as thick (myosin) & thin (actin) filaments slide over each other

137
Q

Peristalsis

A

Automatic process that moves food through the digestive system

Biology (17 decks)

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