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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

The change in the genes of a population on Earth over time

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2
Q

Microevolution

A

The changes in one gene pool of a population over generations

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3
Q

Macroevolution

A

Refers to speciation, the formation of an entirely new species

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4
Q

Population

A

Consists of all the members of one species in one place

Ex: All lions on Masai plain in Kenya

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5
Q

Evidence of Evolution

A

Fossil Record, Comparative Anatomy, Comparative Biochemistry, Comparative Embryology, Molecular Biology, Biogeography

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6
Q

Types of Natural Selection

A

Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive/Diversifying Selection
Directional Selection

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7
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Favors more common intermediate forms & eliminates numbers of extremes

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8
Q

Diversifying or Disruptive Selection

A

Increases numbers of extreme types in a population

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9
Q

Directional Selection

A

Changing environmental conditions

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10
Q

Sources of Variation in a Population

A

Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift - Bottleneck effect & Founder Effect

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11
Q

Population Stability:

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

Developed a theorem describing a stable, non-evolving environment - allelic frequency does not change

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12
Q

Species

A

A population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature & produce viable, fertile offspring

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13
Q

Isolation

A

Geographic Isolation, Polyploidy, Habitat Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Temporal Isolation, Reproductive Isolation

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14
Q

Patterns of Evolution

A

Divergent Evolution, Convergent Evolution, Parallel Evolution, Coevolution, Adaptive Radiation

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15
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

When population gets isolated from rest of species

Homologous struture

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16
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Unrelated species occupy same species

Analogous Structures

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17
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

Two related species, similar evolutionary adaptions after divergence from common ancestor

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18
Q

Coevolution

A

Two interacting species with mutual evolutionary set of adaptions

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19
Q

Adaptive Radiations

A

Emergence of numerous species in same environment from common ancestor
14 finches in Galapagos Islands

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20
Q

Theories About Evolution

A

Gradualism, Punctuated Equilibrium, Spontaneous Generation

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21
Q

Heterotroph Hypothesis

A

Theory that the first cells on Earth were anaerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes

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22
Q

Modifications; animals to land

A

Lungs, skin, limbs, shell, mechanism for internal fertilization

23
Q

Modifications; plants to land

A

Roots, vascular tissue, waxy molecule, seeds, supporting cells

24
Q

Permian Mass Extinction

A

Volcanic eruptions, now Siberia

Eruptions emitted CO2 into atmosphere - global climate increased 6 degrees

25
Q

Cretaceous Mass Extinction

A

10km wide asteroid crashed into Mexico
Huge cloud of debris blocked sunlight for months
Extinction of many marine & land animals + all dinosaurs, excluding birds

26
Q

Important Concepts of Evolution

A

Evo. is not always a slow process
Evo. does not occur at same rate in all organisms
Evo. does not always cause organisms to become more complex
Evo. occurs in populations, not individuals
Evo. is directed by changes in the environment

27
Q

Fossil Record

A

Reveals existence of species that have become extinct or have evolved into other species

28
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Organisms that have similar anatomical structures are related to each other & share a common ancestor

29
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Same internal bone structure, function of each varies

30
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Same function but not the same underlying structure

31
Q

Vestigal Structure

A

Structures that are remnants of an earlier active structure, such as appendix
Evidence that animals have evolved

32
Q

Comparative Biochemistry

A

Organisms that have a common ancestor will have common biochemical pathways

33
Q

Comparative Embryology

A

Animals that have evolved from a common ancestor go through similar stages in their embryonic development

34
Q

Molecular Biology

A

Comparison of the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c among different organisms shows which are most closely related

35
Q

Biogeography

A

Supercontinent Pangea separated into seven continents

36
Q

Industrial Melanism

A

Darkening due to industrialization

37
Q

Mutation (Evolution)

A

Changes in genetic material & are the raw material for evolutionary change

38
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Change in the gene pool due to chance

39
Q

The Bottleneck Effect

A

Genetic Drift

Natural disasters reduce size of population non-selectively, resulting in loss of genetic variation

40
Q

Founder Effect

A

Genetic Drift
Small population breaks away from larger to colonize new area
Rare alleles may be under or overrepresented

41
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of alleles into or out of a population

42
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Characteristics of a Stable Population

A 
Pop. must be very large
Pop, must be isolated
Must be no mutations in the pop.
Mating must be random
Must be no natural selection
43
Q

Sources of Variation in a Population

A

Mutation, Genetic Drift (Bottleneck + Founder Effect), Gene Flow

44
Q

Geographic Isolation

A

When species are separated

45
Q

Polyploidy

A

Mutation that results from errors during meiosis

Can only breed with polyploid organisms

46
Q

Habitat Isolation

A

When 2 organisms live in the same area but encounter each other rarely

47
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

When 2 animals become isolated from each other because of some change in behavior by one member or group

48
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Time

Some plant flower in cooler part of season while other plants flowers in warmer part of growing season

49
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Closely related species unable to mate because of anatomical incompatibility

50
Q

Theory of Endosymbiosis

A

Cell organelles, like mitochondria, were once tiny, free-living prokaryotic organisms that took up permanent residence inside larger prokaryotic cells

51
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

Period of time when every major phylum of animal appeared

52
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that make their own food

53
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that must take in all their nutrients

Biology (17 decks)

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