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Biology 12 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Involves the formation of individuals whose genes all come from one parents
In stable environments, allows for the per

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

formation of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes

Increases genetic variation among offspring

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3
Q

Ovum

A

Female gamete, usually large and motile

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4
Q

Spermatozooan

A

Male gamete, usually small and motile

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5
Q

External fertilization

A

Requires a moist habitat that will protect developing egg from desiccation and heat stress

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6
Q

Internal Fertalization

A

Requires cooperative behaviour that leads to copulation
Usually results in the production of fewer zygotes than EF
Eggs of birds/reptiles are protected by a calcium and protein shell

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7
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads
Consist of many seminiferous tubules surrounded by layers of connective tissue
Sperm form in seminiferous tubules
Leydig cells produce androgens

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8
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones

Responsible for sexual behaviour and general aggressiveness

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9
Q

Leydig Cells

A

Produce testosterone in the presence of lutenizing hormone (LH)

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10
Q

Epididymis

A

A highly convoluted tube that connects a testicle to the vas deferens
Sperm becomes motile and gains the ability to fertizile

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11
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Runs from the scrotum and behind the urinary bladder

Here each vas deferens joins with a duct from the seminal vesicle to form an ejactulatory duct

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12
Q

Ejaculation

A

propels sperm from the epididymis to the vas deferens
from there the sperm goes up to the ejaculatory duct
duct opens into the urethra

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13
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A

Add secretions to semen

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14
Q

Semen

A

60% is mucus, fructose, a coagulation enzyme, asorbic acid, prostaglandins

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15
Q

Prostate gland

A

Gland surrounding the neck of bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid
Fluid is thin and milky

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16
Q

Penis

A

Composed of three layers of spongey tissue
During sexual arousal erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries
Resultant pressure seals off the veins that drain the penis

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17
Q

Female internal reproductive organs

A

A pair of gonads and a system of ducts and chambers

The role of the ducts and chambers is to conduct the gametes and house the embryo and fetus

18
Q

Ovaries

A

Female gonads
Each ovary contains follicles
Each ovary is enclosed in a tough protective capsule

19
Q

Follicles in the ovaries

A

Consists of one egg surrounded by one or more layers of follicles cells
produce estrogen: primary female sex hormone
women are born with around 400 000 follicles

20
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Hormone secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged, but degenerates after a few days if pregnancy hasn’t begun
secretes estrogen and progesterone

21
Q

Egg path to uterus

A

Egg is released into the abdominal cavity near the opening of the oviduct
cilia-lined funnel-like opening draws in egg
cilia move egg through to oviduct to uterus

22
Q

Enometrium

A

Highly vascularized inner lining of the uterus

23
Q

Cervix

A

Neck of uterus that opens into the vagina

24
Q

Vagina

A

Thinly walled chamber that forms the birth canal and is a repository for sperm

25
Q

Vaginal opening

A

Until ruptured is partially covered by the hymen

26
Q

Vestible

A

Where the vaginal and urethra openings are

surrounded by the labia minora

27
Q

Bartholins Glands

A

secrete mucus into the vestible

provides lubrication and facilitates intercourse

28
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of mature sperm cells from spermatogonia

As spermatogenesis progresses the developing sperm cells move from the wall to the lumen of a seminiferous tubule

29
Q

Sperm structure

A

Haploid nucleus
tipped with acrosome
contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg
Large number of mitochondria provide ATP to flagellum

30
Q

Oogenesis

A

Is the production of ova from oogonia

31
Q

Ovum

A

Mature female reproductive cell that can divide to give rise to an embryo usually only after fertilization by a male cell

32
Q

Primary sex characteristics of males

A

Development of vas deferens and other ducts
Development of external reproductive structures
Sperm production

33
Q

Secondary sex characteristics of males

A

Deepening of voice
facial and pubic hair
muscle growth

34
Q

Menustral cycle

A

menstrual flow
proliferative phase
secretory phase

35
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase

Luteal Phase

36
Q

Follicular phase

A

GnRH simulates secretion of small amount of FSH and LH
Growing follicles secrete small amounts of estrogen
Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH
FSH and LH levels remain relatively low
The timing of this phase is coordinated with the proliferative phase of the menustral cycle

37
Q

Luteal Phase

A

Follicle tissue remaining in the ovary develops into corpus luteum
Coordinated with secretory phase of menustral cycle

38
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
released by anterior pituitary gland
stimulates the growth of immature ovarian follicles

39
Q

LH

A

Lutenizing hormone
secreted by anterior pituitary
triggers ovulation and development of corpus luteum

40
Q

Female secondary sex characteristics

A

Deposition of fat in breasts and hips
Increased water retention
Affects calcium metabolism
Stimulates breast development

Biology 12 (21 decks)

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