Biological Molecules

Question 1

-H

Answer 1

Hydrogen

Question 2

-OH

Answer 2

Hydroxyl

Question 3

-COOH

Answer 3

Carboxyl

Question 4

-NH2

Answer 4

Amino

Question 5

-H2PO

Answer 5

Phosphate

Question 6

-CH3

Answer 6

Methyl

Question 7

Peptide Bond

Answer 7

Bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule
Usually occurs between amino acids

Question 8

Hydrolysis

Answer 8

How polymers are disassembled into monomers

Question 9

Carbohydrates

Answer 9

Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the consistant ratio of 1:2:1

Question 10

Monosaccharides

Answer 10

One sugar molecule

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 11

Disaccharides

Answer 11

Two sugar molecules
sucrose
lactose
maltose

Question 12

Polysaccharides

Answer 12

many sugar molecules
starch
glycogen
cellulose

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

Contain large regions of H and C atoms joined by non-polar covalent bonds
Non-polar regions are hydrophobic

Question 14

Three major groups of lipids

Answer 14

Oils, fats, waxes
Phospholipids
steroids

Question 15

Oils, Fats, Waxes

Answer 15

Contain only C, H and O atoms
Composed of one or more fatty acids attached to a glycerol subunit
Straight chains
Source of energy

Question 16

Fatty Acids

Answer 16

Chains that have no C=C bonds are said to be SATURATED with H
Chains that have C=C bonds are said to be unsaturated with H atoms
Saturated fatty acid chains are straight
Unsaturated fatty acid chains are kinked
Oils are liquid at room temperature because they are unsaturated
Waxes are solid at room temperature because they are saturated

Question 17

Phospholipids

Answer 17

Similar to the structure of fats, waxes, and oils except one of the fatty acid chains are replaced by a phosphate group containing a polar functional group
Two fatty acid chains are hydrophobic
Phosphate head is hydrophilic
Basic component of membranes

Question 18

Steroids

Answer 18

Composed of four rings of carbon fused with various functional groups
Synthesized from cholesterol
functions as hormones and components of animal cell membranes

Question 19

Proteins

Answer 19

Polymers of amino acid subunits
Bond between amino acid subunits is called peptide bond
diversity of proteins is due to diversity of amino acids and the ways they arrange themselves
function as enzymes, structural components, transport proteins, energy storage and cross membrane transport

Question 20

Amino Acids

Answer 20

Composed of a central C atom bonded to four different functional groups

1. Amino group (-NH2)
2. Carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
3. Hydrogen group (-H)
4. Variable group (R)

Question 21

Importance of R group in amino acids

Answer 21

Creates diversity

affects the structure of the protein

Question 22

Protein Structure

Answer 22

Four levels of structure

1. Primary structure: Sequence of amino acids in linear protein polymer
2. Secondary structure: simple repeating pattern created by hydrogen bonding between amino acid subunits (Could be helix or plated sheet)
3. Complex 3 dimensional shape formed by the folding over of the secondary structure
4. Due to the joining together of smaller proteins in order to form a larger protein complex

Question 23

Nucleic Acids

Answer 23

Polymers of nucleotide subunits
Composed of:
1. 5 Carbon sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. N containing base
Diversity in the N containing bases that creates diversity in nucleotides