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Biology 12 > Membrane Structure and Function > Flashcards

Membrane Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Cholesterol

A

Stiffens and strengthens the membrane, therefore helping to regulate its fluidity

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2
Q

Plasma membrane structure

A

Membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayer (where proteins are embedded)
Hydrophobic tails face inwards to make up the interior of the membrane, hydrophilic heads face outwards
Carbohydrate chains are attached to the outside surface
Cytoskeleton filaments are attached to the side surface

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3
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Have specific functions inside of the membrane

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4
Q

Channel Protein

A

Allows particular molecules to cross the membrane freely

Cystic fibrosis is cause by a faulty chloride channel

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5
Q

Carrier Protein

A

Selectively interacts with specific molecule or ion to freely pass
Inability to transport (NA+-K+) can be the cause of their obesity
Selective

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6
Q

Cell Recognition Protein

A

The MHC glycoproteins are different for each person, which is why finding matching transplants are difficult
Cells with foreign MHC are attacked by white blood cells

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7
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Shaped in such a way that specific molecules can bind to it

Some types of dwarfism are the result of faulty hormone receptors

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8
Q

Enzymatic Proteins

A

Catalyzes a specific reaction

Cholrea because releases a toxin that interferes with adenylate cyclase, which leads to severe diarrhea

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9
Q

Differentially permeable

A

Certain substances can move across the membrane while others can’t

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10
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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11
Q

Permeability of the plasma membrane

A

Differentially permeable

Molecules that can’t be transported freely are moved through channel proteins or vesicle formation

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12
Q

Vesicle formation

A

Another way molecules can enter (endocytosis) or exit a cell (exocytosis)

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13
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from a higher concentration to an area of low concentration

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14
Q

Factors influcening the rate of diffusion

A

Temperature
Pressure
Electrical currents
Molecular size

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15
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane

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16
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

Solute concentration and water concentration both inside and outside the cell are equal and therefore there is no net gain or loss of water

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17
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solutions that cause cells to swell or even burst, due to intake of water

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18
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Pressure inside of a cell

19
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Causes cells to shrink or shrivel due to the loss of water

20
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Shrinking of cytoplasm due to osmosis

21
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

The passage of some molecules across the plasma membrane even though they aren’t lipid-soluble, moving with their concentration gradient

22
Q

Active transport

A

Small molecules and ions move against their concentration gradient
Proteins in active transport are often called pumps because proteins use energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient

23
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs. Substances are secreted from a cell via exocytosis

24
Q

Endocytosis

A

Substances enter a cell through endocytosis

Receptor mediated endocytosis allows calls to take up specific kinds of molecules

25
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Occurs when vesicles form around a liquid or around very small particles

26
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When material is taken in by endocytosis is large, such as food particles or another cell

27
Q

Three methods of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

28
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

A form of pinocytosis
Uses receptor protein shaped so that a specific molecule, such as a vitamin, peptide hormone, or a lipoprotein, can bind to it
Only found at one location on the plasma membrane, called a “coated pit” bc there is a layer of protein on the cytoplasmic side of the pit

29
Q

The mosaic part of the fluid-mosaic model refers to the…

A

Phospholipids

30
Q

Accumulation in cholesterol can lead to

A

Heart attack
clogged arteries
high blood pressure

31
Q

Two lipid molecules that are vital to an animals plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol

Phospholipids

32
Q

Consists of:

A

Phospholipids and proteins
“mosaic” refers to proteins
Proteins are embedded in phospholipid bilayer

33
Q

Cell cytoplasm

A

Site of cell metabolism
Breaking down complex molecules for energy
synthesizes new cell structures

34
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis, where an RNA strand is translated into an amino acid sequence

35
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Lack a nucleus

concentrated in the region called the cells nucleoid

36
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cytoskeleton gives cell shape and stability
Housed in nucleus
Large in size

37
Q

Nucleolus

A

Present inside of the nucleus as distinct region
consist of ribosomal RNA, protein, ribosomes and DNA
Nucleoli are the sites of ribosomal synthesis in the cell

38
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Complex system of membranes present within the cytoplasm
Continuous within the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane
internal transport system for the cell

39
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lacks ribosomes on the surface. Involved with lipid synthesis

40
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes on surface, involved with protein synthesis

41
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Special set of membranes derived from the ER
Looks like a set of flattened sacs or vesicles
Recieves contents from the ER, modifies them and packages them for transport out of the cell

42
Q

Lysosome

A

Membranous sac (or vesicle) containing digestive enzymes
Used to breakdown the complex of the cell
lysosome enzymes derived from the Rough ER
lysosomes sac derived from golgi complex

43
Q

Peroxisome

A

Similar to lysosome
Contains enzymes
Breakdown toxic substances to hydrogen peroxide
HP is then broken down by catalase to produce water and oxygen

Biology 12 (21 decks)

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