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Biology 12 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Bolus

A

is formed in the mouth by the tongue, it is created by mastication (chewing) mechanical digestion. It travels to the stomach via the esophagus

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2
Q

Advantage of tubal gut

A

allows for specialization

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3
Q

Mastication

A

Large particles are mixed with saliva and broken into smaller particles by chewing

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4
Q

Absorbtion

A

products of digestion are absorbed across gut lining

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5
Q

Pancreas

A

A gland which produces alkaline, enzyme rich fluid

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6
Q

In which place does an acidic medium in the following part of the digestive tract?

A

Stomach

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7
Q

Absorption of water occurs mostly in the ___

A

Large intestine

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8
Q

The process involved in digestion is ____

A

Hydrolysis

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9
Q

Amylase in the mouth breaks ____

A

Starch to maltose

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10
Q

The longest part of the digestive tract is

A

ileum

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11
Q

Absorption of the end products of digestion occurs in the

A

Large intestine

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12
Q

What is the correct description in the following table

A

Salivary glands - amylase

Pancreas - trypsin

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13
Q

The blood vessel carries digested food from the small intestine to the liver is the ___

A

Hepatic portal vein

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14
Q

Lymph vessels help the absorption of

A

Fat

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15
Q

Vitamins are important to the structure of

A

Coenzymes

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16
Q

Bile helps in…

A

emulsification

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17
Q

Bile is made in the

A

Liver

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18
Q

A piece of steak can most effectively be digested by

A

Protease

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19
Q

Plant fibers cannot be digested in humans because of the absence of

A

Cellulase

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20
Q

Which of these is not a function of the liver in adults

A

Red blood cell production

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21
Q

Blind vessels starting from each villus and merging into larger vessels for the transportation of fat are called

A

Lymph vessels

22
Q

Ineffective reabsorption of water from the large intestine leads to…

A

Diarrhea

23
Q

A great number of villi is found in the ___

A

Small intestine

24
Q

Symbiotic bacteria can be found mainly in the ___

A

Large intestine

25
Q

Symbiotic bacteria in the digestive tract of humans help in

A

Production of some vitamins

26
Q

Which association is incorrect

A

Esophagus-protein digestion

27
Q

Bile

A

Emulsifies fat

28
Q

Explain how you gauge the cutting depth of the scalpel

A

You should be holding your scalpel upright and perpendicular to what you are cutting, then pressing lightly until you can gauge the desired cutting depth

29
Q

Chyme

A

A thick, acidic, soupy substance formed in the stomach consisting of masticated food and HCL. The chyme is then released into the duodenum by the pyloric sphincter where it is neutralized by the pancreatic juices

30
Q

Parotid Gland

A

One of the three salvia glands that are located in the cranial cavity, and releases saliva to help the digestion of starch into maltase

31
Q

Gastric juice

A

Found in the stomach and has a high amount of HCL and pepsinogen which helps break down the connective fatty tissue

32
Q

Rugae

A

Deep folds in the stomach that help increase the surface area of the stomach as it fills with chyme.

33
Q

Epiglottis

A

The flap of skin located on the outside of the phayrax region that helps control the bolus entering the esophagus or air entering the lungs. It prevents food from entering the lungs

34
Q

Comment on the role of bacteria in the large intestine

A
  • Plays a role in the immune system by killing bad bacteria
  • Production and absorption of important vitamins (such as vitamin K)
  • Plays a role in the temporary storage of feces and indigestible material
35
Q

Discuss the 5 functions of the liver

A
  • Regulates blood sugar levels by converting glycogen into glucose
  • Regulates blood cholesterol by converting some of it into bile salts
  • Synthesis of plasma proteins such as album.
  • Detoxifies the body by removing toxins from blood such as alcohol
  • Produces bile which emulsifies fat making it a key component in digestion
36
Q

Comment on how the structure of the small intestine makes it suitable for the absorption of nutrients

A
  • Surface area: the villi and microvilli help increase the very large surface area, therefore increasing the opportunity for nutrients to be absorbed
  • Length: the small intestine is roughly 20 meters which leaves plenty of opportunity for nutrients that wasn’t absorbed earlier to be absorbed near the end
  • The duodenum neutralizes the acidic chyme preparing it for the rest of the small intestine so the ileum can easily absorb the nutrients
37
Q

Describe how peristalsis moves material through a tubal gut

A

moved by waves of muscle contractions exsisting in antagonistic pairs of muscles. One squeezes while the other elongates

38
Q

Three main functions of the stomach in humans

A
  • chemically and mechanically breaking down food
  • acidity kills bacteria
  • starts digestion of protein
39
Q

Significance of pH with respect to the secretions of the stomach

A

around pH of 1 to aid with the break down of bolus

40
Q

Significance of pH with respect to the secretions of the intenstine

A

slightly basic to neutralize chyme

41
Q

Explain why it is necessary for protein digesting enzymes to be secreted in an inactive form

A

They are secreted inactive to prevent them from digesting proteins in the cells where they’re synthesized

42
Q

Explain the general role of the cardiac sphincter

A

To restrict stomach contents, including acid, from flowing backward (up the esophagus)

43
Q

Explain the general role of rugae

A

Stomach folds which increase surface area and allow for the expansion of the stomach

44
Q

Explain the general role of secreted mucus

A

Mucus protects tissue from acidic environment

45
Q

Micro villi and villi’s role in effective absorption of nutrients

A

Structure has high surface area - more available membrane for absorption

46
Q

Why do products like alcohol, allow effects to be felt so soon after digestion?

A

Because their molecules are smaller so they are absorbed easily.

47
Q

Explain the roll of the gallbladder in digestion

A

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and then it releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats

48
Q

Name two principal hormones controlling the production (secretion) and the release of bile

A

Secretin (stimulates production). - secreted by duodenum to stimulate secretin by liver and pancreas
Cholecystokinin (stimulates release) - Stimulates release of bile into gut

49
Q

The stimulus for hormonal stimulation of bile secretion

A

Nervous system sensing presence of chyme in the stomach

50
Q

Difference between hard palate and soft palate

A

Hard palate contains bones which the soft palate is composed entirely of muscle

51
Q

Six major classes of nutrients

A 
carbs
fats
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water
52
Q

Where is glucose stored?

A

In the liver in the form of glycogen

Biology 12 (21 decks)

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