Digestive System Flashcards
Bolus
is formed in the mouth by the tongue, it is created by mastication (chewing) mechanical digestion. It travels to the stomach via the esophagus
Advantage of tubal gut
allows for specialization
Mastication
Large particles are mixed with saliva and broken into smaller particles by chewing
Absorbtion
products of digestion are absorbed across gut lining
Pancreas
A gland which produces alkaline, enzyme rich fluid
In which place does an acidic medium in the following part of the digestive tract?
Stomach
Absorption of water occurs mostly in the ___
Large intestine
The process involved in digestion is ____
Hydrolysis
Amylase in the mouth breaks ____
Starch to maltose
The longest part of the digestive tract is
ileum
Absorption of the end products of digestion occurs in the
Large intestine
What is the correct description in the following table
Salivary glands - amylase
Pancreas - trypsin
The blood vessel carries digested food from the small intestine to the liver is the ___
Hepatic portal vein
Lymph vessels help the absorption of
Fat
Vitamins are important to the structure of
Coenzymes
Bile helps in…
emulsification
Bile is made in the
Liver
A piece of steak can most effectively be digested by
Protease
Plant fibers cannot be digested in humans because of the absence of
Cellulase
Which of these is not a function of the liver in adults
Red blood cell production
Blind vessels starting from each villus and merging into larger vessels for the transportation of fat are called
Lymph vessels
Ineffective reabsorption of water from the large intestine leads to…
Diarrhea
A great number of villi is found in the ___
Small intestine
Symbiotic bacteria can be found mainly in the ___
Large intestine
Symbiotic bacteria in the digestive tract of humans help in
Production of some vitamins
Which association is incorrect
Esophagus-protein digestion
Bile
Emulsifies fat
Explain how you gauge the cutting depth of the scalpel
You should be holding your scalpel upright and perpendicular to what you are cutting, then pressing lightly until you can gauge the desired cutting depth
Chyme
A thick, acidic, soupy substance formed in the stomach consisting of masticated food and HCL. The chyme is then released into the duodenum by the pyloric sphincter where it is neutralized by the pancreatic juices
Parotid Gland
One of the three salvia glands that are located in the cranial cavity, and releases saliva to help the digestion of starch into maltase
Gastric juice
Found in the stomach and has a high amount of HCL and pepsinogen which helps break down the connective fatty tissue
Rugae
Deep folds in the stomach that help increase the surface area of the stomach as it fills with chyme.
Epiglottis
The flap of skin located on the outside of the phayrax region that helps control the bolus entering the esophagus or air entering the lungs. It prevents food from entering the lungs
Comment on the role of bacteria in the large intestine
- Plays a role in the immune system by killing bad bacteria
- Production and absorption of important vitamins (such as vitamin K)
- Plays a role in the temporary storage of feces and indigestible material
Discuss the 5 functions of the liver
- Regulates blood sugar levels by converting glycogen into glucose
- Regulates blood cholesterol by converting some of it into bile salts
- Synthesis of plasma proteins such as album.
- Detoxifies the body by removing toxins from blood such as alcohol
- Produces bile which emulsifies fat making it a key component in digestion
Comment on how the structure of the small intestine makes it suitable for the absorption of nutrients
- Surface area: the villi and microvilli help increase the very large surface area, therefore increasing the opportunity for nutrients to be absorbed
- Length: the small intestine is roughly 20 meters which leaves plenty of opportunity for nutrients that wasn’t absorbed earlier to be absorbed near the end
- The duodenum neutralizes the acidic chyme preparing it for the rest of the small intestine so the ileum can easily absorb the nutrients
Describe how peristalsis moves material through a tubal gut
moved by waves of muscle contractions exsisting in antagonistic pairs of muscles. One squeezes while the other elongates
Three main functions of the stomach in humans
- chemically and mechanically breaking down food
- acidity kills bacteria
- starts digestion of protein
Significance of pH with respect to the secretions of the stomach
around pH of 1 to aid with the break down of bolus
Significance of pH with respect to the secretions of the intenstine
slightly basic to neutralize chyme
Explain why it is necessary for protein digesting enzymes to be secreted in an inactive form
They are secreted inactive to prevent them from digesting proteins in the cells where they’re synthesized
Explain the general role of the cardiac sphincter
To restrict stomach contents, including acid, from flowing backward (up the esophagus)
Explain the general role of rugae
Stomach folds which increase surface area and allow for the expansion of the stomach
Explain the general role of secreted mucus
Mucus protects tissue from acidic environment
Micro villi and villi’s role in effective absorption of nutrients
Structure has high surface area - more available membrane for absorption
Why do products like alcohol, allow effects to be felt so soon after digestion?
Because their molecules are smaller so they are absorbed easily.
Explain the roll of the gallbladder in digestion
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and then it releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats
Name two principal hormones controlling the production (secretion) and the release of bile
Secretin (stimulates production). - secreted by duodenum to stimulate secretin by liver and pancreas
Cholecystokinin (stimulates release) - Stimulates release of bile into gut
The stimulus for hormonal stimulation of bile secretion
Nervous system sensing presence of chyme in the stomach
Difference between hard palate and soft palate
Hard palate contains bones which the soft palate is composed entirely of muscle
Six major classes of nutrients
carbs fats proteins vitamins minerals water
Where is glucose stored?
In the liver in the form of glycogen
