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Biology 12 > Cardiovascular and Excretion > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of veins

A

Made up of three layers
1) Inner thin layer of cells
2) Central thick layer of elastic muscle tissue
3) Thin layer of external, elastic connective tissue
Less elastic muscle/tissues than arteries - are still able to expand/adapt to pressure/volume changes

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2
Q

Pressure in veins

A

Veins are low pressure because the blood running through them have just come from the small capillaries. because of this they need valves to prevent backflow

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3
Q

Capillaries

A

Small vessels that connect arterial and venous circulation

Blood passes through arterioles and then into capillaries

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4
Q

Size of capillaries

A

The small size allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and tissues to be done effectively

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5
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

Made of 1 layer
endothelium
High pressure to make fluids leak through endothelium

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6
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Supplies nutrients and oxygen

Removes waste

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7
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart to capillaries

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8
Q

Structure of arteries

A

Thin layer is in contact with blood
Layers of elastic tissue/smooth muscle which stretch and contract
Arteries closer to the heart have more elastic tissue
Arteries far from the heart have more muscle tissue

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9
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Contraction, increases resistance and blood pressure

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10
Q

Vasodilation

A

Relaxation, decreases resistance on blood pressure

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11
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Moves lymph in one direction to the heart (moves due to muscle contractions)

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12
Q

White blood cells

A 
Ratio: 1:1000
Lifespan: few days to years
produced in red bone marrow
prevent/fight infection
lack hemoglobin
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13
Q

Structure of white blood cells

A

appear translucent

larger than red blood cell and have nucleus

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14
Q

Red blood cells

A

lifespan: 100-120 days
produced in red bone marrow
transport O2
anemia is when you don’t have enough RBC

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15
Q

Structure of red blood cells

A

shape increases flexibility
biconcave disk
no nuclei
bright red to dark purple

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16
Q

Blood functions

A 
Transport hormones
Transport of nutrients and waste
Regulate body temp
Regulate blood pressure
Aids clotting
Helps protect body from disease
Buffers help maintain a pH of 7.4
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17
Q

Functions of plasma

A

Maintain blood volume/pressure
Clotting
Transport/fight infection

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18
Q

Blood Clotting steps

A

Platelets clump at site of puncture
Prothrombin activator is released converting plasma protein to thrombin
Thrombin acts as an enzyme severing two amino acids chains activating it
Activated ends join to form fibrin
Fibrin clot is temporary

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19
Q

Heprin

A

Prevents clotting

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20
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Makes fibrin threads

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21
Q

Types of White Blood Cells

A

Neutrophils - Phagocytize pathogens
Eosinophils - Phagocytize pathogens
Basophils - Releases histamine which promotes blood flow to tissues
Lymphocytes - Responsible for specific immune
Monocytes - Becomes macrophages

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22
Q

Mammalian Transport

A

Transport nutrients, oxygen, CO2, wastes and hormones
Maintain fluid balance
Regulate body temp
Assist in defence against microorganisms
TWO SYSTEMS: Pulmonary system (blood between heart and lungs) and schematic (Carries blood between heart and rest of body)

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23
Q

Schematic

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the right of the heart via the vena cava
Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary artery
Oxygenated blood leaves lungs and enters the left of the lungs via the pulmonary vein
Heart pumps oxygenated blood

24
Q

Heart

A

Hollow, muscle organ
Right side pumps to the lungs
Left side pumps to the body
Chambers are separated by septum

25
Q

Heart beat

A

Heart beat is myogenic - contractions arise as an intrinsic property of the cardiac muscle itself

26
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Initiates cardiac cycle (causes atria to contract)

27
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Delays implus to allow time for atrial contractions

28
Q

Bundle of his

A

Distributes action potentials over ventricles causing ventricle contractions

29
Q

Diastole

A

Alternating relaxations

30
Q

Systole

A

Alternating contractions

31
Q

Stages of heart pumping

A

Ventricles relax and blood flows into them, after 70% full he atria contracts to finish
Atria relaxes, ventricles contract to push blood through aorta and pulmonary artery
Short period of atrial and ventricle contractions, seminal valves close to prevent backflow

32
Q

Open vs Closed systems

A 
Open - blood not in tues
Closed - in tubes
Advantages of closed -
- efficiency 
- alter blood flow
- clotting (won't bleed out)
- increase pressure
33
Q

Types of nitrogen

A
  • Ammonia - no energy cost, highly toxic therefore must be diluted into water (aquatic)
  • Urea - medium energy cost, less toxic therefore can be excreted in concentrated form
  • Uric acid - high energy, virtually non toxic (birds and reptiles
34
Q

Mechanisms against water loss

A
  • behaviour
  • waxy cuticle
  • oil excretion of the skin
  • insulating fur/feathers
  • dry, scaly skin of reptiles
35
Q

Sources of water loss

A

Airways
Evaporation
urine
feeces

36
Q

Osmoregulator

A

Animals that regulate salt and water fluxes

37
Q

Osmoconformers

A

net water movement

38
Q

Salt water fish

A

Lose water osmotically, and drink salt water and excrete excess salt

39
Q

Freshwater fish

A

water enters via osmosis

take up salts across gills

40
Q

Human water budget

A

Osmoregulation: maintain water levels in the body
Majority intake through drinking
Majority loss through urination

41
Q

Rodent water budget

A

Adaptions:

  • obtain majority of water from breakdown of food
  • don’t sweat or pant
  • dispose of waste with little energy costs
42
Q

Human urinary system

A

Consists of kidneys and bladder
blood is filtered through kidneys to form urine
adrenal glads - produce aldosterone (controls Na+ in kidney) and adrenaline

43
Q

Glomerulus

A

Surrounded by bowmens capsule - filters water and removes particles

44
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Cells in the P.T. remove excess water and nutrients and pass them back into the blood

45
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Finals wastes removed by the D.T. (ammonia, and drugs removed from blood)

46
Q

Loop of henle

A

Concentrates the filtrate (remove water)

47
Q

Lymph organs

A

Thymus and spleen

48
Q

Components that play a part in blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen
Platelets
Thrombin

49
Q

Advantage of closed circulatory system

A

can move blood more effectively

50
Q

When body temperature rises, blood flow in the skin is…

A

Increased

51
Q

Which human heart chamber has to contract the most forcefully

A

Left ventricle

52
Q

Functions of blood in the circulatory system

A

WBC - Fight infection and foreign invaders
RBC - transport O2
Platelets - help with clotting
RBC - transport CO2 and therefore help with respiration

53
Q

What does hematocrit tell us about a persons blood

A

A hematocrit value is the ratio of RBC to the total volume of blood. For example if someone has a 40% hematocrit value, 40% of their blood is RBC and 60% is plasma

54
Q

Systolic pressure

A

The pressure of “contractions,” this can be measured by a a machine

55
Q

Formula to calculate hematocrit

A

RBC/total volume

Biology 12 (21 decks)

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