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ANSC 201 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

4 phases of reproduction

A
  1. Gamete production
  2. Gamete maturation
  3. Embryo developement
  4. Delivery
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2
Q

Where do testicles go around time of birth?

A

Descend through inguinal canal and into scrotum

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3
Q

Interstitial cells of the scrotum and what they do?

A

Leydig produce testosterone

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4
Q

What and where are seminiferous tubules?

A

In scrotum to form sperm cells

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5
Q

What does suffix -ules mean?

A

Really small

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6
Q

Do birds have a scrotum?

A

NO

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7
Q

2 functions of scrotum

A
  1. House and protect testicles
  2. Regulate temperature 3-13 degrees cooler than body temp
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8
Q

What is heat sterility in sheep?

A

When wool prevents scrotum form keeping testicles cool

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9
Q

Are unilateral cryptorchids fertile

A

Yes

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10
Q

Are bilateral chryptorchids fertile

A

Lower fertility and less testosterone produced.

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11
Q

2 meanings of BSE

A
  1. Mad cow disease
  2. Breeding soundness exam (before AI)
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12
Q

Why does BSE check for cyrptorchids?

A

Trait is passed down with genetics

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13
Q

3 sections of epididymis

A

Head
Body
Tail (at bottom of testicle)

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14
Q

3 functions of epididymis

A

Storage for sperm cells (maturation space)
Nutrients for sperm cells

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15
Q

What two parts are connected by efferent ductules

A

Head of epididymis and seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

What do vas deferens do?

A

Carry sperm cells from epididymis to urethra

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17
Q

Define ampulla

A

Large space at end of vas deferens (only some species)

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18
Q

What are the 3 accessory glands and how many of each?

A

Seminal vesicle (vascular gland)- 2
Prostrate - 1
Bulbo-urethral (Cowpers)- 2

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19
Q

3 functions of accessory sex glands

A

Secrete nutrients
Secrete buffers (b/c sperm cells produce acid when they eat)
Cleans and lubricate urethra

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20
Q

2 passageways for urine and sperm

A

Penis: organ of copulation
Urethra: large canal

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21
Q

What species have sigmoid flexure?

A

Pigs, cheep, cattle goats

Not in horses
Dogs have bone!

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22
Q

What part of male reproductive system produces the most fluid?

A

Accessory glands: seminal vesicle, prostrate, bulbo-urethral (cowper’s)

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23
Q

What is the major difference of male bird reproductive system?

A

There are no accessory glands so less semen is produced but it is also more concentrated

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24
Q

Where are ovaries located?

A

Just behind the kidneys

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25
Q

3 hormones in ovaries and their purpose

A
  1. Estrogen: give female characteristics
  2. Progesterone: maintains pregnancy
  3. Relaxin: loosens pelvic area during parturition
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26
Q

Where is estrogen from?

A

Growing (graafian) follicles

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27
Q

Where is progesterone from?

A

Corpus leteum, after ovulation/ when follicle collapses

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28
Q

2 functions of oviduct

A
  1. Infundibulum (catcher’s mitt)
  2. Fertilization -transport zygote to uterus
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29
Q

Uterus structure sizes

A

Large body= 1-2 offspring
Many horns= litters

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30
Q

4 functions of the uterus

A
  1. Sperm movement
  2. Nourishment -uterine milk
  3. Attachment to placenta
  4. Contractions during parturition
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31
Q

When and how is cervix open/closed?

A

Open- during estrous- thin mucous
Closed- while pregnant- thick mucous (blocks out bacteria)

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32
Q

Compare texture of cervix and vagina?

A

Cervix= rough connective tissue
Vagina= soft tissue

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33
Q

Where is sperm deposited in AI vs. natural mating?

A

Natural= vagina
AI= bypass cervix

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34
Q

2 functions of vagina

A

Organ of copulation
Birth canal

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35
Q

What is the external opening of female mammal reproductive?

A

Vulva

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36
Q

2 Unique features of avian female reproductive tract

A
  1. Only left ovary
  2. Follicles in different stages at the same time
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37
Q

How long is it and what is formed in the infundibulum of birds?

A

3 in.
Chalaziferous layer and vitelline membrane

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38
Q

How long is it and what is formed in the magnum

A

15 in.
Most of albumen layers

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39
Q

How long is it and what is formed in isthmus?

A

4 in.
Inner and outer shell membrane

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40
Q

How long is it and what is formed in shell gland(uterus)?

A

4 in.
Secretes shell in 12 hrs.

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41
Q

2 functions of avian vagina

A
  1. Secrete substances as cuticle
  2. Crypts to catch and store semen
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42
Q

How long does it take to form and egg?

A

25-26 hrs.
(Bird may skip a day to reset with daylight hrs.)

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43
Q

Define mitosis

A

Division of body cells
Asexual= diploid cells

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44
Q

Define meiosis

A

Occurs in ovaries and seminiferous tubules
Sexual= haploid

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45
Q

Define spermatogensis

A

Billions of sperm produced continuously after puberty

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46
Q

Define oogenesis and key function

A

of eggs set before birth and occurs cyclically after puberty

Conservation of cytoplasm give nutrients for zygote to survive!

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47
Q

Biggest difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A

1 primary speratocyte= 4 spermatids
1 primary oocyte= 1 ovum (egg)

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48
Q

Define pheremones

A

Volatile chemical products that can trigger mating behaviors in animals of the same species

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49
Q

What species deposit semen in the uterus?

A

Swine and horses

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50
Q

What species deposit semen in the vagina?

A

Most animals: cattle, sheep, goats

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51
Q

What animals deposit semen cloaca-vagina and why?

A

Birds
Males lack organ of copulation

52
Q

Why does sperm life span vary between mammals and birds?

A

Mammals: couple hours
Birds: (chicken- 10 days, turkey- 30 days) store in vaginal crypts
B/c sperm kept at body temp. In birds

53
Q

How is sperm transported from vagina to uterus?

A

It’s own motility, tail

54
Q

How is sperm transported from the uterus to oviduct?

A

Tail and uterine muscle contractions

55
Q

Define capacitation

A

Acrosome undergoes changes to be able to penetrate zona pellucida

56
Q

Define zygote

A

Fertilized egg

57
Q

4 things that happen in oviduct

A
  1. Nutrients from egg cytoplasm
  2. Free floating
  3. Rapid cell division
  4. Becomes blastocyst
    Before entering uterus
58
Q

What are the 5 extra embryonic membranes?

A

Yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois, allantochorion/ chorioallantois

59
Q

What does the yolk sac do?

A

Provides early nutrients (uterine milk)
Mammals: degenerates after a few days
Birds: remains as egg yolk

60
Q

What 4 things does the amnion do?

A

Sac that surrounds fetus
Filled with fluid (“her water broke”)
Protects fetus from shock
Does not fuse with anything

61
Q

Where is the chorion?

A

Surrounds the amnion sac

62
Q

What does the allantois do?

A

Grows as told sac degenerates
Takes over absorbing nutrients
Fuses with allantochorion

63
Q

What is the leading case of infertility?

A

Inability to implant
Often caused by heat stress

64
Q

How far along does implantation complete.

A

Allantochorion attached to uterus completed 1/3 of way through pregnancy

65
Q

4 types of placenta (only need top 2)

A
  1. Diffuse (sow, mare)= Velcro
  2. Cotyledonary (ewe, goats, cow) = buttons
  3. Discoid (rodents, primates)
  4. Zonary (cats, dogs)
66
Q

What composes cotyledonary placenta?

A

Cotyledon (allantochorion) fuses with caruncle (uterine wall) to form placentome

67
Q

Where is nutrient from before implantation?

A

Uterine milk in the yolk sac and allantois

68
Q

Where is nutrients from after implantation?

A

Mother’s blood supply provides nutrient exchange through placenta

69
Q

What is the gestation period?

A

Time from conception to parturition

70
Q

3 hormones and their role in parturition

A
  1. Cortisol- from FETAL adrenal cortex, initiates parturition
  2. Relaxin- from ovary and relaxes cartilage and ligaments of pelvic area
  3. Oxytocin- from posterior pituitary and causes uterine contractions
71
Q

Conditions of bird incubation period.

A

20-30 days depending on species
100 degrees F
High humidity

72
Q

How is incubation terminated?

A

By hatching
“Egg tooth” breaks shell
Shell membrane proteins are nutrients for 3 days
Vasotocin: same as oxytocin: from posterior pituitary and causes uterine contractions

73
Q

Production site, target organ, and physiological function of FSH

A

(Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
From anterior pituitary gland
Target ovaries and testicles
Stimulates Graafian follicles growth and spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules

74
Q

Production site, target organ, and physiological function of LH?

A

(Lutenizing Hormone)
From anterior pituitary
Targets ovaries and testicles
Triggers ovulation, CL formation and maintenance, and testosterone production in interstitial tissues

75
Q

Production site, target organ, and physiological function of testosterone?

A

From testicle
Targets male reproductive tract and brain
Give male characteristics and marking behavior

76
Q

Production site and target organ of estrogen?

A

From ovary follicles
Targets female reproductive tract, brain, and mammary

77
Q

Eight Physiological functions of estrogen?

A

1) sexual excitability
2) female characteristics
3) mammary development
4) thicken uterus lining
5) increase blood supply to uterus
6) thin mucus at cervix
7) make uterus sensitive to oxytocin
8) make uterus more resistant to infection

78
Q

Production site and target organ of Progesterone?

A

From ovary CL
Targets uterus and mammary

79
Q

6 Physiological functions of progesterone?

A

1) maintain pregnancy
2) mammary development
3) increase growth and blood supply to uterus lining
4) secretion of uterine milk
5) prevent uterus muscle contractions
6) thick mucous by cervix

80
Q

Production site, target organ, and physiological function of GnRH

A

(Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
From hypothalamus
Targets anterior pituitary gland
Triggers release of FSH and LH

81
Q

Production site, target organ, and physiological function of Prostaglandin

A

From uterus
Targets ovary CL
Causes regress of CL

82
Q

Production site, target organ, and physiological function of cortisol for reproduction?

A

From FETAL adrenal cortex
Targets dam’s uterus
Triggers beginning of parturition

83
Q

Production site, target organ, and physiological function of Oxytocin?

A

Produced in hypothalamus
Released from posterior pituitary
Targets uterus
Stimulates uterine contractions

84
Q

How to spell the name of the overall female reproductive cycle?

A

Estrous Cycle

85
Q

4 phases of the Estrous cycle

A

1) proestrus
2) estrus
3) metestrus
4) diestrus

86
Q

What is the negative feedback mechanisms to stop Estrous cycle?

A

Progesterone from uterus tells hypothalamus to stop releasing GnRHs

87
Q

What does it mean when bird eggs follow a hierarchical order?

A

The largest egg is released first
Based on size

88
Q

Define clutch

A

A group of eggs that are laid consecutive days in a row

89
Q

3 egg abnormalities

A

1) soft- shelled- egg laid prematurely, problem with hen
2) thin-shelled- dietary deficiency
3) double yolk- 2 eggs released same time or one egg got lost in infundibulum

90
Q

Seasonal vs. continuous breeders

A

Continuous (polyestrus): cows, and sows
Seasonal: sheep, mares, birds

91
Q

Sterility vs. Sub-fertility

A

Sterility: can’t reproduce
Sub-fertility: inefficient reproduction

92
Q

4 causes of sterility or sub-fertility

A

Anatomical defects
1. Cryptorchid
2. Freemartin
Endocrine malfunction
3. Cystic ovary (can tell by behavior)
4. Persistent CL

93
Q

What is a freemartin

A

When sterile female is born with male twin
Only cows because happens with shared placenta

94
Q

3 measurements of reproductive efficiency

A
  1. Conception rate (# pregnancies/ # breedings)
  2. Number of live births
  3. Pregnancy rate (heat detection x conception rate)
95
Q

5 factors influencing fertility

A
  1. Not a fertile male
  2. Fertilization failure
  3. Early embryonic death
  4. Fetal death (rare, except w/ disease)
  5. Nutrition, disease, etc.
96
Q

Earliest AI:
First AI in US

A

1322- horses
1938 in US

97
Q

% of breeding down by AI for turkey broilers, dairy and beef cows, sows and sheep

A

90% turkey broilers
70% dairy cattle
<10% beef cows
More and more sheep and sows

98
Q

5 reasons to use AI

A

Breed more females
More genetic progress
More economical
Safety
Disease control

99
Q

4 methods of Semen Collection

A
  1. Artificial Vagina- bulls, stallions, rams, goats, rabbits
  2. Hand pressure -boar
  3. Massage- poultry
  4. Electroejaculation -older or injured
100
Q

Process and result of electroejaculation

A

Electrical current around accessory glands and semen is less concentrated

101
Q

What three things is semen evaluated on?

A
  1. Volume (young animals produce less)
  2. Concentration
  3. Motility
102
Q

What temperature is semen stored at?

A

Fresh: 40 degrees F
Frozen: -312-320 degrees F (in liquid nitrogen)

103
Q

Why dilute semen?

A

Increase volume
Prolong sperm life

104
Q

What are the diluents?

A

Nutrient source and buffer

-egg yolk
citrate buffer or tris buffer= Neutralize acid from sperm eating
milk glycerol (prevents ice crystals)

105
Q

What size straws is sperm stored in?

A

.3-.5 mL straws

106
Q

What is the magic temperature?

A

40 degrees F

Stored eggs, milk, meat, and sperm here

107
Q

Cattle times of estrus

A

Estrus lasts 12-18 hrs.
Ovulation 12 hrs. After end of estrus

108
Q

Importance of timing of insemination

A

Sperm don’t live long in female
Egg and sperm must meet in oviduct
Best from mid to end of estrus

109
Q

Where is semen deposited in each species?

A

Cattle: in uterine body
Goats + sheep: uterus or cervix
Mare: uterus or last pert of cervix
Poulty: left oviduct

B/c we don’t know which oviduct egg is released from in most animals

110
Q

Estrus detection is each species

A

Cattle: “standing heat,” barometer, clear discharge, “gomer bulls”
Swine: rigid stance, red swollen vulva
Sheep: sterilized male with marker
Horses: elevate tail, “winking,” frequent urination, tested with stallion

111
Q

6 Factors influencing conception rate

A
  1. Semen quality
  2. Receptive female
  3. Ability of inseminator
  4. Nutritional plane
  5. disease status
  6. stress levels
112
Q

AI in cats and dogs

A

Works, but semen storage has lots of unknowns

113
Q

AI in honeybees

A

Extensive!

114
Q

3 other species where AI is used

A

Deer, buffalo, endangered species

115
Q

2 benefits of heat synchronization

A

Reduce labor for heat detection
Helpful to embryo transfer programs

116
Q

Mechanism for heat synchronization

A

Prostaglandin (brand name Lutalyse)- regresses CL
2-3 days animal will come into heat

117
Q

History of Embryo Transfer (ET)

A

1st in 1890 w/ rabbits
Today mainly with cattle

118
Q

Process of ET

A

Donor is superovulated with FSH
Bred with 2 doses of semen
Fertilized eggs flushed from uterus with buffered (saline) solution
Fresh 60% or frozen 50% to recipient
Can sex embryos - use for endangered species

119
Q

Define In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

Immature oocytes harvested
mature
Fertilized 20-24 hrs
Cultured 6 days
Shipped 1 week after OPU

120
Q

2 advantages of IVF

A

Collected anytime- before puberty to recently deceased

121
Q

Order of animal testing for IVF

A

Rabbits: 1950
Humans:1978
Lands/ calves: 1980
Foals: 1990

122
Q

AI sexing semen

A

Original: centrifuge
Today: dye and laser (85-95% accuracy)
X chromosome= bigger= more dye

123
Q

4 stages of reproductive life cycle

A
  1. Pre-puberal
    primary follicles have been formed
    adult behavior developing
  2. Puberal
    hormones cause reproductive competence
    influenced by age and weight
  3. Adult
    Capacity to reproduce and release gametes maximizes
    Female atresia: follicles shrink
  4. Senescent
    Direct: reproductive lining deteriorates
    Indirect: poor nutrition, etc.
124
Q

5 critical nutrients in reproduction

A
  1. Protein- sperm, ova, and epithelial linings
  2. Vitamin A- epithelial linings harden without and restrict sperm and ova movement
  3. Vitamin E- maintain fertility and immunity
  4. Calcium- bird shells
  5. Positive energy levels- nutrient hierarchy
125
Q

4 effects of good reproduction

A
  1. More total offspring
  2. Less feed, labor, and breeding costs
  3. Lower cull rates
  4. More total production

ANSC 201 (22 decks)

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